A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE PAIN THRESHOLD OF HUMAN SUBJECTS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
G. A. Deneau ◽  
R. A. Waud ◽  
C. W. Gowdey
Keyword(s):  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Codeine Phosphate ◽  
Placebo Effects ◽  
Normal Threshold ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Sharp Pain ◽  
Analgesic Agents ◽  
Calf Muscles

A method is presented for determining the effects of analgesic agents upon the pain thresholds of human subjects. The method consists of inducing a sharp pain in the calf muscles by applying pressure with a sphygmomanometer cuff; the pressure required to induce pain is taken as a measure of the pain threshold. By controlling a few variables in the procedure, the normal threshold can be determined with an accuracy of ±10 mm. Hg pressure. With placebos, a maximum increase of 4% over the normal pain threshold occurred one hour after administration. Acetylsalicylic acid produced an increase of approximately 20% at the same period; this was significantly greater than placebo effects. The effect of mild narcotic agents, given orally, upon the pain threshold was also measured. Codeine phosphate and pethidine hydrochloride both produced a significant increase in the pain threshold. The method presented permits the use of untrained human subjects and is sufficiently sensitive to measure the effects of the antipyretic analgesics.

scholarly journals Quantitative determination of organic adsorption capacity in the Palaeozoic shales from South China

2021 ◽  
pp. 014459872098303
Author(s):  
Sibo Wang ◽  
Zhiguang Song ◽  
Jia Xia ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
YaoPing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Soluble Organic Matter ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Immature Oil ◽  
Methane Sorption ◽  
Oil Shales ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Adsorption

In this study, the methane adsorption capacity of kerogen isolated from the Cambrian, Silurian, and Permian shales and the impact of soluble organic matter (SOM) on the adsorption capacity of these shales were investigated. The results reveal that 1) the adsorption capacity of kerogen varies in a broad range, from 14.48 to 23.22 cm3/g for the Cambrian kerogens, from 15.50 to 36.06 cm3/g for the Silurian kerogens, and from 10.71 to 11.15 cm3/g for the Permian kerogens; 2) the kerogen adsorption accounts for 33.67–70.23% of the total adsorption capacity of these Palaeozoic extracted shales, demonstrating that kerogen is the primary adsorbing substance in shales; 3) the adsorption isotherms of kerogen in highly mature Cambrian and Silurian shales are similar to those of Triassic coal, while the isotherms of kerogen in the relatively immature Permian shales are similar to those of the immature oil shales; and 4) the SOM demonstrates a significant impact on the adsorption capacity of shales as the removal of SOM can cause a maximum increase of 34.29% or a decrease of 23.36% in the total adsorption capacity of shales. However, there is no clear understanding of the impact of SOM on the methane sorption of shales.

Stress-induced analgesia: adaptive pain suppression

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Amit ◽  
Z. H. Galina
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Reduction Of Pain ◽  
Functional Advantage ◽  
And Performance

In this paper we have examined the phenomenon of stress-induced analgesia. We have described the procedures used to measure analgesia and have suggested that the tests can be designed not only to indicate changes in pain threshold but also to allow for the determination of the capacity to execute adaptive behavior. Aside from enabling the analysis of responses, tests that induce reflexive as well as nonreflexive behavior may have the capacity to separate the more complex aspects of pain such as the possible presence of two components of pain, sensory/discriminative and motivational/affective. These components may be of fundamental importance for any attempt to understand the biological significance of SIA. Our examination of the neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems has revealed that they are affected by the same manipulations that induce SIA. These amines and perhaps peptides play an integral role in learning, motivation, and performance. We conclude that the functional advantage of a reduction of pain during stressful situations is significant because it allows the animal to react in threatening and perhaps critical situations as if there were no pain. Once the pain system is inhibited, other systems modulate and mediate adaptive responses that expedite the survival of the animal.

scholarly journals Determination of plasma glucose enrichment in human subjects after primed, constant infusions of 13C‐glycine before and after dietary vitamin B‐6 restriction

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Rodrigues Silva ◽  
Yvonne Lamers ◽  
Maria Ralat ◽  
Lesa Gilbert ◽  
Christine Keeling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Determination of receptor occupancy in the presence of mass dose: [11C]GSK189254 PET imaging of histamine H3 receptor occupancy by PF-03654746

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1095-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Dominique Gallezot ◽  
Beata Planeta ◽  
Nabeel Nabulsi ◽  
Donna Palumbo ◽  
Xiaoxi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Receptor Occupancy ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pet Scans

Measurements of drug occupancies using positron emission tomography (PET) can be biased if the radioligand concentration exceeds “tracer” levels. Negative bias would also arise in successive PET scans if clearance of the radioligand is slow, resulting in a carryover effect. We developed a method to (1) estimate the in vivo dissociation constant Kd of a radioligand from PET studies displaying a non-tracer carryover (NTCO) effect and (2) correct the NTCO bias in occupancy studies taking into account the plasma concentration of the radioligand and its in vivo Kd. This method was applied in a study of healthy human subjects with the histamine H3 receptor radioligand [11C]GSK189254 to measure the PK-occupancy relationship of the H3 antagonist PF-03654746. From three test/retest studies, [11C]GSK189254 Kd was estimated to be 9.5 ± 5.9 pM. Oral administration of 0.1 to 4 mg of PF-03654746 resulted in occupancy estimates of 71%–97% and 30%–93% at 3 and 24 h post-drug, respectively. NTCO correction adjusted the occupancy estimates by 0%–15%. Analysis of the relationship between corrected occupancies and PF-03654746 plasma levels indicated that PF-03654746 can fully occupy H3 binding sites ( ROmax = 100%), and its IC50 was estimated to be 0.144 ± 0.010 ng/mL. The uncorrected IC50 was 26% higher.

Sensitive Terbium Probes for Luminescent Determination of both Alkaline Phosphatase and Codeine Phosphate

2008 ◽  
Vol 1130 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Duerkop ◽  
Darya Aleksandrova ◽  
Yuliya Scripinets ◽  
Alla Yegorova ◽  
Ekateryna Vityukova
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Codeine Phosphate

A Method for Determining Nitrofurantoin in Urine in the Presence of Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride and Its Metabolites

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Hollifield ◽  
John D Conklin
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Related Metabolite

Abstract The high urinary drug concentrations usually encountered after administering nitrofurantoin in the chemotherapy of urinary tract infections are often measured by the nitromethane—Hyamine method. We show here that, if the urinary tract analgesic, phenazopyridine hydrochloride, and its related metabolite(s) are in the urine, they interfere with this determination of nitrofurantoin. Nevertheless, the nitromethane—Hyamine method may be modified to determine nitrofurantoin quantitatively in urine collected from human subjects who have been treated with the analgesic and nitrofurantoin concomitantly.

Chromatographic Separation and Spectrophotometry Determination of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride, Codeine Phosphate, and Some Other Pharmaceuticals in a Mixture

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-541
Author(s):  
Donald J Smith
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Separation ◽  
Codeine Phosphate ◽  
Hydrocortisone Acetate ◽  
Chlorpheniramine Maleate ◽  
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride ◽  
Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride

Abstract Codeine phosphate, chlorpheniramine maleate, pyrilamine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and hydrocortisone acetate were analyzed in samples containing phenylephrine hydrochloride. A series of four columns is used to separate the various pharmaceutical components prior to analysis. Assays of commercial samples ranged from 87.2 to 118% of declared content.

scholarly journals Quantitative determination of Ca2+-dependent Mg2+-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle biopsies

1989 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Everts ◽  
J P Andersen ◽  
T Clausen ◽  
O Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Lateralis Muscle ◽  
32P Incorporation ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

The possibility of quantifying the total concentration of Ca2+-dependent Mg2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum was investigated by measurement of the Ca2+-dependent steady-state phosphorylation from [gamma-32P]ATP and the Ca2+-dependent 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphatase (3-O-MFPase) activity in crude muscle homogenates. The Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation at 0 degree C (mean +/- S.E.) was 40.0 +/- 2.5 (n = 6) and 6.2 +/- 0.7 (n = 4) nmol/g wet wt. in rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscle, respectively (P less than 0.001). The Ca2+-dependent 3-O-MFPase activity at 37 degrees C was 1424 +/- 238 (n = 6) and 335 +/- 56 (n = 4) nmol/min per g wet wt. in rat EDL and soleus muscle, respectively (P less than 0.01). The molecular activity calculated from these measurements amounted to 35 +/- 5 min-1 (n = 6) and 55 +/- 10 min-1 (n = 4) for EDL and soleus muscle respectively. These values were not different from the molecular activity calculated for purified Ca2+-ATPase (36 min-1). The Ca2+-dependent 32P incorporation in soleus muscle decreased in the order mice greater than rats greater than guinea pigs. In EDL muscles from hypothyroid rats at a 30% reduction of the Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation was observed. The Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation in vastus lateralis muscle from three human subjects amounted to 4.5 +/- 0.8 nmol/g wet wt. It is concluded that measurement of the Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation allows rapid and reproducible quantification of the concentration of Ca2+-dependent Mg2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Since only 20-60 mg of tissue is required for the measurements, the method can also be used for biopsies obtained in clinical studies.

AN IMPROVED INSTRUMENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHANGES IN THE PAIN THRESHOLD CAUSED BY DRUGS

1946 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-350-1
Author(s):  
FREDERICK B. FLINN ◽  
A. S. CHAIKELIS
Keyword(s):  
Pain Threshold
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