Developmental morphology of stem galls of Diplolepis nodulosa (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and those modified by the inquiline Periclistus pirata (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Rosa blanda (Rosaceae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E Brooks ◽  
Joseph D Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Hollow Sphere ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Tissue Proliferation ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Distal Pole ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Sheath Cells

Diplolepis nodulosa (Beutenmüller) induces small, single-chambered, prosoplasmic galls in stems of Rosa blanda Ait. Gall initiation begins when adult females deposit a single egg into the procambium of R. blanda buds. Pith cells at the distal pole of the egg lyse forming a chamber into which the hatching larva enters. Cells lining the chamber differentiate into nutritive cells, which serve as the larval food. Gall growth is characterized by the proliferation of parenchymatous nutritive cells causing gall enlargement. A separate gall vasculature does not form, but instead, gall tissues are irrigated by the existing stem vasculature. Maturation begins when gall tissues cease proliferating and differentiate into distinct layers concentrically arranged around the larval chamber. The innermost layer is composed of cytoplasmically dense nutritive tissue, followed by parenchymatous nutritive tissue, sclerenchyma, cortex, and epidermis. Parenchymatous nutritive tissue differentiates into nutritive tissue and is consumed by the larva. Galls of D. nodulosa are susceptible to anatomical modification by the phytophagous inquiline Periclistus pirata (Osten Sacken). Galls attacked by P. pirata become enlarged and multichambered, with little resemblance to inducer-inhabited galls. Periclistus pirata kill the larva of D. nodulosa at oviposition and deposit several eggs per host gall. Inquiline-occupied galls may contain the eggs of several females. Nutritive tissue induced by D. nodulosa disintegrates. Growth of attacked galls occurs prior to hatching of P. pirata eggs. At egg hatch, the gall appears as an enlarged hollow sphere and larvae disperse over the chamber surface and feed on parenchymatous tissue. Feeding induces tissue proliferation, which surrounds each larva within its own chamber. As galls mature, cells surrounding each larval chamber lignify forming a sclerenchyma sheath. Cells inside the sclerenchyma sheath differentiate into nutritive cells and are consumed by the inquiline larvae.Key words: Rosa, Cynipidae, gall, developmental morphology, inquiline.

DEVELOPMENTAL TIMES AND FECUNDITY OF IXODES COOKEI PACKARD (ACARI: IXODIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Farkas ◽  
Gordon A. Surgeoner
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Thermal Threshold ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Marmota Monax ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Blood Meal Source

AbstractIxodes cookei Packard required ca. 14 weeks to complete development under laboratory conditions, using groundhogs [Marmota monax (L.)] as the blood meal source and off-host conditions of 25–29°C and 93–100% relative humidity. All three post-embryonic instars engorged in ca. 6–8 days. Larvae and nymphs maintained at 25°C moulted to the next instar ca. 18–20 days after detachment. Moult occurred under conditions of either a 0L:24D or a 16L:8D photoperiod. Adult females increased in weight ca. 49-fold from the unfed to the engorged state, attaining a weight of 194.1 ± 15.0 (mean ± SE) mg and producing 1281.5 ± 139.1 (mean ± SE) eggs at 29°C. The pre-ovipositional and ovipositional periods were 4.7 ± 0.3 and 20.2 ± 1.7(mean ± SE) days, respectively, at 29°C. Fifty percent of eggs were deposited within the 1st week of the ovipositional period at 29°C. First egg hatch at 29°C occurred ca. 31 days after oviposition was started. Eggs maintained at 10°C did not hatch, and the thermal threshold for egg development was calculated to be 11.2°C.

Attraction of Larvae of Drosophila-Buzzatii and Drosophila-Aldrichi to Yeast Species Isolated From Their Natural-Environment

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker ◽  
DC Vacek ◽  
PD East
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Drosophila Buzzatii ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Relative Attractiveness

The nine most common yeast species isolated from rots in cactus in Australia were shown to be differentially attractive to larvae, with relative attractiveness very similar for the two Drosophila species. To the extent that relative attractiveness measures larval feeding prefere~ces, there is no evidence for partitioning of the larval food resource between D. buzzatii and D. aldrichi. For D. buzzatii, the yeasts most attractive to larvae are also those preferred by adult females for feeding and oviposition.

The effects of triflumuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on the housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Howard ◽  
Richard Wall
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor

AbstractThe effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor triflumuron, 2-chloro-N-[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]benzamide, on the housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus were examined in the laboratory. A dose of 1 μg of triflumuron applied topically to adult females of M. domestica resulted in egg hatch inhibition greater than 95%. At doses below 1 μg applied topically to adult females, subsequent hatched larvae were also highly sensitive to triflumuron; 0.5 μg applied topically produced 25% inhibition of egg hatch, but of the larvae that eclosed, only 20% survived to pupation. Hence, a dose of 0.5 μg applied to adults gave a total mortality of 85%. The effects of a single topical application of triflumuron declined over time in a dose dependent manner. After a dose of 1 μg, <5% of the first egg batch hatched, however, after 14 days egg hatch had risen to >90%. Topically applied triflumuron was most effective in inhibiting egg hatch when applied to females less than 3 days old. After 60 min tarsal contact with 20% triflumuron suspension concentrate on poly cotton cloth, 100% egg hatch inhibition was maintained for up to 1 week. Lower contact times, or triflumuron concentrations, gave lower percentage mortalities. The results suggest that triflumuron has considerable potential as a control agent for incorporation into autosterilizing devices for housefly control. However, further work is required to develop delivery systems capable of transferring an effective dose to females under field conditions.

IMPACT OF SOYBEAN PHENOLOGY ON VELVETBEAN CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): OVIPOSITION, EGG HATCH, AND ADULT LONGEVITY

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Moscardi ◽  
C. S. Barfield ◽  
G. E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Female Longevity ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractAdult females of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, from larvae fed on progressively aged soybean, Glycine max (L.), foliage had variable reproductive characteristics. Mean oviposition rates ranged from 963.4 to 515.0 eggs/female when larvae fed on early vegetative and senescent leaves, respectively. Average daily oviposition peaked ca. 4 days after adult emergence, decreased sharply to day 10, and remained at a low level until adult mortality. Mean daily egg hatch decreased with female age, but female longevity was not affected significantly.

LABORATORY BIOLOGY OF TAENIOPODA EQUES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Whitman
Keyword(s):  
Generation Time ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Regular Diet ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Males And Females

The bionomics of the grasshopper Taeniopoda eques (Burmeister) were determined in the laboratory. Insects were reared on “regular,” artificial, and lettuce and oatmeal (LO) diets at 30°C. Larval growth parameters differed little between regular and LO diets, but adult females reared on regular diet oviposited earlier. Complete mortality occurred on the artificial diet. At 30°C on regular diet, larval development required ca. 35.5 days. Mating occurred following an additional 9.8 and 11.9 days for males and females respectively, and oviposition (of ca. 63 eggs/female) occurred on ca. day 25 of adult life, with subsequent ovipositions at ca. 12 day intervals. Freshly molted adult females (ca. 3.37 g, 69.5 mm) were larger than males (ca. 2.23 g, 58.9 mm), whereas preoviposition females (8.46 g) were substantially larger than same-age males (2.81 g). Parthenogenesis occasionally occurred in unmated females, producing female offspring. The methods given allow continuous culture of T. eques with ca. 40% egg hatch and 65% larval survival, in an eight month generation time.

Developmental morphology of the gall of Urophora cardui (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the stems of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1372-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Lalonde ◽  
J. D. Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Callus Tissues

Urophora cardui (L.) induces a large multichambered gall in stem tissues of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Four phases in gall development are identified: initiation, growth, maturation, and dehiscence. Initiation begins when larvae tunnel from a shoot tip into the developing stem and change the polarity of pith and procambial tissues. These cells become gall parenchyma and proliferate during the growth phase. Procambial strands and gall laticifers appear among the gall parenchyma and the cells nearest the larvae differentiate into primary nutritive cells. In the maturation phase, gall tissues cease proliferating, procambial strands near the larvae give rise to secondary nutritive tissue, and all remaining gall parenchyma lignifies. Dehiscence occurs when callus tissues at the top of the gall degrade. Developmental studies utilizing insect-induced galls may increase our understanding of normal plant growth and development.

scholarly journals Lethal and Sub-Lethal Effects of Insecticides on the Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Ganjisaffar ◽  
Sharon Andreason ◽  
Thomas Perring
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Hatch Rate ◽  
Maconellicoccus Hirsutus ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Pink Hibiscus Mealybug ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Control Water

The pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a pest of many plants, and a new problem on dates in California. The effects of seven insecticides and water on different life stages of this mealybug were studied to identify the best material for control. Water did not have any significant effect on mealybugs, but the insecticide treatments significantly affected all life stages tested. The egg hatch rate ranged from 28.5% to 17.2% for spirotetramat, bifenthrin, flupyradifurone, fenpropathrin, and buprofezin treatments, and was lower for sulfoxaflor (2.8%) and acetamiprid (0.1%). Despite high survival of neonate crawlers in the non-treated control and water treatments, 53.1% and 34.6% survived in the spirotetramat and buprofezin treatments, respectively; survival was zero in the other treatments. Spirotetramat and buprofezin caused very low mortality of nymphs in the first day post-treatment, but mortality significantly increased over time and reached 42.8% and 50.6% by day 6, respectively. The other treatments were highly toxic to the nymphs (79.4–99.4% on day 6). Insecticides also had a significant effect on the feeding ability of nymphs. By day 6 after treatment, 73.9% to 100% of nymphs treated with different insecticides stopped feeding although they were still alive. Insecticides showed no effect on the mortality of adult females, but the percentages of ovipositing females were significantly reduced (51.1% to 10.6%) in all insecticide treatments, except buprofezin, which was not statistically different from water and the non-treated control. In the process of our studies, we identified abnormalities in the appearance of eggs from females treated with various insecticides, and these aberrant eggs are described.

THE »EARLY-ANDROGEN« SYNDROME; ITS DEVELOPMENT AND THE RESPONSE TO HEMI-SPAYING

1964 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Swanson ◽  
J. J. van der Werff ten Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Transition Stage ◽  
Adult Females

ABSTRACT The »early-androgen« syndrome in the rat – i. e. anovulatory ovaries in adult females after a single injection of testosterone propionate (TP) within a week of birth – may not become apparent until some time after the attainment of sexual maturity. Large doses (50 or 100 μg) of TP were effective earlier than lower doses (5 or 10 μg). Rats which received 5 μg TP were ovulating at 10 weeks of age, mated but were infertile at 13 weeks of age, and were anovulatory at 21 weeks. In rats between 10 and 13 weeks old there was a marked fall in the number of corpora lutea in the ovaries of animals which had been given 5 μg TP. Hemi-spaying was followed by compensatory growth of the remaining ovary which consisted of corpora lutea in ovulating, and of follicles in anovulatory rats; little or no compensatory weight increase occurred in animals which seemed to be in the transition stage from the ovulatory to the anovulatory condition.

Ultrastructure of the basal lamina of bovine ovarian follicles and its relationship to the membrana granulosa

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
HF Irving-Rodgers ◽  
RJ Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Antral Follicle ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Preantral Follicles ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Innermost Layer

Different morphological phenotypes of follicular basal lamina and of membrana granulosa have been observed. Ten preantral follicles (< 0. 1 mm), and 17 healthy and six atretic antral follicles (0.5-12 mm in diameter) were processed for light and electron microscopy to investigate the relationship the between follicular basal lamina and membrana granulosa. Within each antral follicle, the shape of the basal cells of the membrana granulosa was uniform, and either rounded or columnar. There were equal proportions of follicles </= 4 mm in diameter with columnar basal cells and with rounded basal cells. Larger follicles had only rounded basal cells. Conventional basal laminae of a single layer adjacent to the basal granulosa cells were observed in healthy follicles at the preantral and antral stages. However, at the preantral stage, the conventional types of basal lamina were enlarged or even partially laminated. A second type of basal lamina, described as 'loopy', occurred in about half the preantral follicles and in half the antral follicles </= 4 mm diameter. 'Loopy' basal laminae were not observed in larger follicles. 'Loopy' basal laminae were composed of basal laminae aligning the basal surface of basal granulosa cells, but with additional layers or loops often branching from the innermost layer. Each loop was usually < 1 microm long and had vesicles (20-30 nm) attached to the inner aspect. Basal cellular processes were also common, and vesicles could be seen budding off from these processes. In antral follicles, conventional basal laminae occurred in follicles with rounded basal granulosa cells. Other follicles with columnar cells, and atretic follicles, had the 'loopy' basal lamina phenotype. Thus, follicles have different basal laminae that relate to the morphology of the membrana granulosa.

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