Attraction of Larvae of Drosophila-Buzzatii and Drosophila-Aldrichi to Yeast Species Isolated From Their Natural-Environment

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker ◽  
DC Vacek ◽  
PD East
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Drosophila Buzzatii ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Relative Attractiveness

The nine most common yeast species isolated from rots in cactus in Australia were shown to be differentially attractive to larvae, with relative attractiveness very similar for the two Drosophila species. To the extent that relative attractiveness measures larval feeding prefere~ces, there is no evidence for partitioning of the larval food resource between D. buzzatii and D. aldrichi. For D. buzzatii, the yeasts most attractive to larvae are also those preferred by adult females for feeding and oviposition.

scholarly journals Attraction of Drosophila Buzzatii and D. Aldrichi to Species of Yeasts Isolated From their Natural Environment. I. Laboratory Experiments

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
JSF Barker ◽  
GJ Parker ◽  
GL Toll ◽  
PR Widders
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Drosophila Buzzatii

The attractiveness of yeast species isolated from rotting c1adodes of Opuntia inermis for adults of the cactophilic species D. buzzatii and D. aldrichi was determined by giving the flies a multiple choice of yeast species and counting the numbers on each yeast at regular intervals throughout 1 day in each of five experiments. Consistent effects implying behavioural differences between sexes, between immature and mature flies, and between the two Drosophila species were found. For immature flies of each species, there were significant differences in the numbers of flies attracted to each yeast, but preferences were more marked for females than for males.

scholarly journals Plant Pathogen Invasion Modifies the Eco-Evolutionary Host Plant Interactions of an Endangered Checkerspot Butterfly

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Paul M. Severns ◽  
Melinda Guzman-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Germination Timing

New plant pathogen invasions typified by cryptic disease symptoms or those appearing sporadically in time and patchily in space, might go largely unnoticed and not taken seriously by ecologists. We present evidence that the recent invasion of Pyrenopeziza plantaginis (Dermateaceae) into the Pacific Northwest USA, which causes foliar necrosis in the fall and winter on Plantago lanceolata (plantain), the primary (non-native) foodplant for six of the eight extant Taylor’s checkerspot butterfly populations (Euphydryas editha taylori, endangered species), has altered eco-evolutionary foodplant interactions to a degree that threatens butterfly populations with extinction. Patterns of butterfly, larval food plant, and P. plantaginis disease development suggested the ancestral relationship was a two-foodplant system, with perennial Castilleja spp. supporting oviposition and pre-diapause larvae, and the annual Collinsia parviflora supporting post-diapause larvae. Plantain, in the absence of P. plantaginis disease, provided larval food resources throughout all butterfly life stages and may explain plantain’s initial adoption by Taylor’s checkerspot. However, in the presence of severe P. plantaginis disease, plantain-dependent butterfly populations experience a six-week period in the winter where post-diapause larvae lack essential plantain resources. Only C. parviflora, which is rare and competitively inferior under present habitat conditions, can fulfill the post-diapause larval feeding requirements in the presence of severe P. plantaginis disease. However, a germination timing experiment suggested C. parviflora to be suitably timed for only Washington Taylor’s checkerspot populations. The recent invasion by P. plantaginis appears to have rendered the ancestrally adaptive acquisition of plantain by Taylor’s checkerspot an unreliable, maladaptive foodplant interaction.

scholarly journals Separate and combined Hanseniaspora uvarum and Metschnikowia pulcherrima metabolic volatiles are attractive to Drosophila suzukii in the laboratory and field

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jones ◽  
M. T. Fountain ◽  
C. S. Günther ◽  
P. E. Eady ◽  
M. R. Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Species ◽  
Field Trapping ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Hanseniaspora Uvarum ◽  
Metschnikowia Pulcherrima ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Relative Attractiveness

AbstractDrosophila suzukii flies cause economic losses to fruit crops globally. Previous work shows various Drosophila species are attracted to volatile metabolites produced by individual fruit associated yeast isolates, but fruits naturally harbour a rich diversity of yeast species. Here, we report the relative attractiveness of D. suzukii to yeasts presented individually or in combinations using laboratory preference tests and field trapping data. Laboratory trials revealed four of 12 single yeast isolates were attractive to D. suzukii, of which Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Hanseniaspora uvarum were also attractive in field trials. Four out of 10 yeast combinations involving Candida zemplinina, Pichia pijperi, M. pulcherrima and H. uvarum were attractive in the laboratory. Whilst a combination of M. pulcherrima + H. uvarum trapped the greatest number of D. suzukii in the field, the efficacy of the M. pulcherrima + H. uvarum combination to trap D. suzukii was not significantly greater than traps primed with volatiles from only H. uvarum. While volatiles from isolates of M. pulcherrima and H. uvarum show promise as baits for D. suzukii, further research is needed to ascertain how and why flies are attracted to certain baits to optimise control efficacy.

scholarly journals Do euglossine females reside in a single nest? Notes on Euglossa cordata (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Nogueira ◽  
Arianne M. Cavalcante ◽  
Maria da C. Parente ◽  
Alipio J. S. Pacheco Filho ◽  
Breno M. Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Nest Behavior ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Euglossa Cordata ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Nest

ABSTRACT Euglossa Latreille, 1802 do not live in large colonies, and these are usually maintained or “reactivated” by new females, subordinate to their mother, which construct and provision brood cells. This study aimed to obtain information about the natural history of Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758) specially focusing on nest behavior. Our specific objective was to answer the following question: do E. cordata females reside in a single nest? We construct 14 artificial nesting boxes and made them available for E. cordata bees in natural environment for seven months. During this time, we use a re-marking method to identify bee fidelity to a single nest box. More specifically, we record bee permanence in the nests, the time bees take to provision brood to new cells and the time taken to offspring emergence. A total of 12 boxes were colonized by E. cordata and 23 cells were built in an average of 9.78 ± 11 days per cell. Eleven females emerged from the cells in 48.6 ± 11 days. Although adult females moved between nests and sometimes used multiple nests at the same time, E. cordata showed a relatively high fidelity to a single nest (81.1% of the female bees stayed in a single nest more than 50% of time).

Developmental morphology of stem galls of Diplolepis nodulosa (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and those modified by the inquiline Periclistus pirata (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Rosa blanda (Rosaceae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E Brooks ◽  
Joseph D Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Hollow Sphere ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Nutritive Tissue ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Tissue Proliferation ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Distal Pole ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Sheath Cells

Diplolepis nodulosa (Beutenmüller) induces small, single-chambered, prosoplasmic galls in stems of Rosa blanda Ait. Gall initiation begins when adult females deposit a single egg into the procambium of R. blanda buds. Pith cells at the distal pole of the egg lyse forming a chamber into which the hatching larva enters. Cells lining the chamber differentiate into nutritive cells, which serve as the larval food. Gall growth is characterized by the proliferation of parenchymatous nutritive cells causing gall enlargement. A separate gall vasculature does not form, but instead, gall tissues are irrigated by the existing stem vasculature. Maturation begins when gall tissues cease proliferating and differentiate into distinct layers concentrically arranged around the larval chamber. The innermost layer is composed of cytoplasmically dense nutritive tissue, followed by parenchymatous nutritive tissue, sclerenchyma, cortex, and epidermis. Parenchymatous nutritive tissue differentiates into nutritive tissue and is consumed by the larva. Galls of D. nodulosa are susceptible to anatomical modification by the phytophagous inquiline Periclistus pirata (Osten Sacken). Galls attacked by P. pirata become enlarged and multichambered, with little resemblance to inducer-inhabited galls. Periclistus pirata kill the larva of D. nodulosa at oviposition and deposit several eggs per host gall. Inquiline-occupied galls may contain the eggs of several females. Nutritive tissue induced by D. nodulosa disintegrates. Growth of attacked galls occurs prior to hatching of P. pirata eggs. At egg hatch, the gall appears as an enlarged hollow sphere and larvae disperse over the chamber surface and feed on parenchymatous tissue. Feeding induces tissue proliferation, which surrounds each larva within its own chamber. As galls mature, cells surrounding each larval chamber lignify forming a sclerenchyma sheath. Cells inside the sclerenchyma sheath differentiate into nutritive cells and are consumed by the inquiline larvae.Key words: Rosa, Cynipidae, gall, developmental morphology, inquiline.

Physiological trade-offs of forming maggot masses by necrophagous flies on vertebrate carrion

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. Rivers ◽  
C. Thompson ◽  
R. Brogan
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Physiological Benefits

AbstractNecrophagous flies that colonize human and animal corpses are extremely efficient at locating and utilizing carrion. Adult flies deposit eggs or larvae on the ephemeral food resource, which signals the beginning of intense inter- and intra-species competition. Within a short period of time after egg hatch, large larval aggregations or maggot masses form. A period of intense larval feeding ensues that will culminate with consumption/decomposition of all soft tissues associated with the corpse. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of these feeding aggregations is heat production; that is, the capacity to generate internal heat that can exceed ambient temperatures by 30°C or more. While observations of maggot mass formation and heat generation have been described in the research literature for more than 50 years, our understanding of maggot masses, particularly the physiological ecology of the aggregations as a whole, is rudimentary. In this review, an examination of what is known about the formation of maggot masses is presented, as well as arguments for the physiological benefits and limitations of developing in feeding aggregations that, at times, can represent regions of intense competition, overcrowded conditions, or a microclimate with elevated temperatures approaching or exceeding proteotoxic stress levels.

ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Koehler ◽  
David Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
New York State ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Alfalfa Weevil ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Economic Injury

AbstractEconomic injury levels of the alfalfa weevil on alfalfa were investigated in New York State. The dry weight food consumption for the larval stage of the alfalfa weevil averaged 7.34 mg/larva. For every gram (dry weight) of alfalfa consumed, 1.59 g (live weight) in insect tissue was produced. In the laboratory, it was found that insect food consumption could account for only about 50% of the total weight loss in alfalfa plants after 10 days of larval feeding. Therefore, alfalfa weevil damage to alfalfa was more than the larval food consumption, and this was believed to be due to the loss of the plant’s photosynthetic potential. In the field on first growth alfalfa, the economic injury level was calculated to be 56 larvae/stem. First growth alfalfa was less severely injured by alfalfa weevil larvae than our second growth alfalfa infested with equal populations of alfalfa weevils. It was shown that first growth alfalfa was able to compensate for 87% of the insect feeding while second growth alfalfa could compensate for only 50%. Since the alfalfa plant’s capacity to compensate for alfalfa weevil feeding can vary due to environmental conditions and plant characteristics, economic injury levels must be adjustable. To provide more reliability to economic injury levels, we propose that in alfalfa the following seven measurements be made: (1) alfalfa weevil larval density; (2 and 3) parasites and predators of the weevil; (4) rainfall and moisture level; (5) plant nutrients; (6) alfalfa variety; and (7) stage and previous management of alfalfa stand.

Independent Distributions of Fish Larvae and Their Prey: Natural Paradox or Sampling Artifact?

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth T. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Larval Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Distributional Pattern ◽  
Coarse Mesh ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

Several recent studies have concluded that larval fish distributions are independent of the abundance and distribution of their prey. All of these studies used coarse-mesh (> 250 μm) nets, incapable of retaining the edible zooplankton for fish larvae, to provide quantitative estimates of the larval food resource. The assumption that zooplankton captured by coarse-mesh nets provided a reliable index of the edible zooplankton for fish larvae was tested and unsupported by the analysis of several independent data sets. In the waters off southwestern Nova Scotia the biomass of edible zooplankton for young larval fish was highly concentrated in the nearshore region, progressively lower levels were evident offshore on the shelf, and the mesoscale distributional pattern did not accurately reflect the total zooplankton biomass retained by a 333-μm-mesh net. Independent spatial distributions of discrete size groups of zooplankton are characteristics similar to zooplankton distributions reported for other geographic regions. A more logical explanation for the reports of "paradoxical" distributions of fish larvae and their prey is to be found in the inefficiency and bias in the sampling methods used to evaluate the larval food resource. Failure to properly evaluate the larval food resource has led to inappropriate testing of some longstanding hypotheses in fisheries biology.

Food resource allocation in larval newt guilds (genus Triturus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergius L. Kuzmin
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Dietary Similarity

AbstractChanges in the natural diet by different developmental stages of larval Triturus vulgaris, T. vittatus, T montandoni, T. alpestris, T. cristatus and T. karelini and the dynamics of resource allocation in their guilds are discussed. Larval feeding is subdivided into three periods: endogenous, mixed and exogenous. The main trends in age-specific changes of food composition and electivity are similar in the different species. Against a background of general dietary similarity, however, there are interspecific differences in the mode of resource utilization. These are not related to competition for food but correlate with stable interspecific differences in morphology, behaviour and spatial distribution of larvae. The ontogenetic dynamics of food resource allocation are similar in guilds of similar ecological and morphological structure.

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