Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in commercial production

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1104-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraser Whitbread ◽  
R. Larry Peterson ◽  
Terry P. McGonigle
Keyword(s):  
Root Hairs ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Hyphal Coils

Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng) roots collected from 1st year seedlings and 3-year-old plants on three commercial farms were colonized by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Roots collected from ginseng plants in a managed maple–beech woodlot were also colonized by VAM fungi. Fungal hyphae entered roots either directly through root hairs or by forming appressoria on the surface of epidermal cells from which penetration hyphae formed. Hyphae colonized roots by passing intracellularly through cortical cells. Hyphal coils, from which arbuscular branches formed, were typical of the Paris-type of VAM association. The extent of colonization by hyphal coils and by arbuscules varied between 1-year-old and 3-year-old plants and among farms. The seasonal maxima for colonization differed among combinations of farms and plant age-classes in such a way as to suggest that a significant degree of the variability was due to characteristics of the individual seed beds. Over the season, we saw earlier development of hyphal coils that was only later exceeded by production of arbuscules; this pattern is consistent with the Paris-type morphology observed, in that arbuscule branches develop from hyphal coils. However, the speed at which arbuscules developed at some points in the season was so great that at those times the transition from newly formed hyphal coils to arbuscules must be extremely fast. Vesicles were rarely found in any root samples examined. Keywords: ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza, commercial farms.

Susceptibility of barley cultivars to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Boyetchko ◽  
J. P. Tewari
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Glomus Species ◽  
The University

The relative susceptibility of selected barley cultivars produced in western Canada to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi under field and greenhouse conditions was evaluated in this study. Cultivars tested under field conditions at the University of Alberta and Lacombe research stations showed no significant differences in VAM colonization of barley roots; colonization was light. Greenhouse trials at the University of Alberta with eight cultivars inoculated with individual mycorrhizal species illustrated significant differences among the barley cultivars in their reactions to Glomus dimorphicum, G. intraradices, and G. mosseae. Distinct differences were observed in the ability of each Glomus species to colonize the barley cultivars. The VAM fungi increased growth and yield in some cultivars, depending on the Glomus species. This study indicates that a degree of host-specificity exists in VAM fungi and that the host-mycorrhizal fungus genotypes may influence the effectiveness of the symbiosis. Key words: Barley, cultivars, susceptibility, VA mycorrhizal fungi

scholarly journals Enhanced N-Transfer from a Soybean to Maize by Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) Fungi

1985 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 562-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher van Kessel ◽  
Paul W. Singleton ◽  
Heinz J. Hoben
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
N Transfer ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

Arbuscular mycorrhizae of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in cultivated field plots: plant age affects the development of a colonization lag phase

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1028-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
T P McGonigle ◽  
J P Hovius ◽  
R L Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Hyphal Coils

Temporal patterns of colonization of roots of perennials by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are poorly understood because annual crops are more often studied. The objective was to monitor in detail the growth and mycorrhizae of the perennial American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) over the first 2 years after seeding. In particular, the extent of carry-over of colonization into the second year was examined. Delayed germination of some seeds caused by chance-driven variability in the time needed for seed maturation after seed collection provided an opportunity to compare first- and second-year plants under identical conditions in the second year. For all plants, development of arbuscules rose to a maximum in mid-August, falling partially thereafter. Production of hyphal coils proceeded more slowly but steadily, so that end-of-season colonization was composed equally of arbuscules and hyphal coils. Between seasons, taproot dry mass was reduced by 18%, whereas lateral root length increased by 15%. These changes were probably caused by root turnover, which left little initial colonization of roots at the start of the second year. Strikingly, second-year plants did not exhibit a colonization lag phase, whereas a lag of 43 days was seen for the first-year plants alongside. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.Key words: perennial, arbuscules, hyphal coils, taproot, Ontario.

Field nursery inoculation of Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. seedling rootstock with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi

1992 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ikram ◽  
A. W. Mahmud ◽  
M. N. Ghani ◽  
M. T. Ibrahim ◽  
A. B. Zainal
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Field Nursery

Method and time of alfalfa termination affects cereal growth and weed populations

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Moyer ◽  
M. J. Clapperton ◽  
A. L. Boswall
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
N Content ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

Experiments were established on irrigated land at Lethbridge, Alberta, to determine the effect of timing and method of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) termination on weed abundance, soil moisture and N content, cereal yield and colonization of roots by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Alfalfa growth was terminated using no, minimum, and conventional tillage in either late summer, early fall, or spring. Herbicide was applied or tillage was used to control volunteer alfalfa, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), and kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader] before seeding cereals. Dandelion and volunteer alfalfa density tended to be greatest after no-tillage treatments, and poor in-crop alfalfa control likely reduced cereal yields in no-tillage plots. In contrast, the major in-crop broadleaf weed, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), was most dense (7 plants m-2) in tilled plots. Both wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yields were reduced 9 to 12% after alfalfa termination with no-tillage treatments compared with minimum or conventional tillage. In spring, after seeding, available soil N content averaged 138, 101 and 79 kg ha-1 for conventional-, minimum-and no-tillage plots, respectively; however, fall no-tillage treatments seemed to supply sufficient N for wheat and barley. Soil moisture content tended to be similar after all termination treatments. Wheat and barley responded differently to time and method of termination in terms of seedling root length and colonization by VAM fungi. The percentage of root colonized by VAM fungi was greater on both barley and wheat in no-tillage compared to cultivated treatments. It may be possible to have similar wheat and barley yields after no tillage and tilled alfalfa termination if no-tillage termination is initiated in fall and effective incrop herbicides are used for volunteer alfalfa and dandelion control. Key words: Alfalfa termination, no-tillage, N, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, weed density

COLONIZATION OF PEACH ROOTSTOCKS BY INDIGENOUS VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (VAM) FUNGI

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. TRAQUAIR ◽  
S. M. BERCH
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Peach Rootstocks ◽  
Scion Cultivar

Six-month-old seedling rootstocks of peach cultivars Siberian C, Bailey and Harrow Blood, and mature trees in a 4-yr-old orchard which was planted with rootstock cultivars Siberian C, Bailey, Harrow Blood, Chui Lum Tao, Tzim Pee Tao, Lovell, Halford, H7338013, H7338016 and H7338019 grafted with scion cultivar Redhaven, were rated for colonization by indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after growth in a local sandy soil. Feeder roots of all the rootstocks were heavily colonized. However, no significant differences between the cultivars were observed with respect to percentage of root lengths colonized under these field conditions. Fungi identified on the basis of spore extraction from soil around colonized roots included G. aggregatum, G. mosseae, G. tortuosum, Scutellospora aurigloba, and S. calospora.Key words: Intraspecific receptivity, endomycorrhizae, Prunus persica

The morphology of vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhizae in Clintonia borealis and Medeola virginiana

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Widden
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Forest Herbs ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Innermost Layer ◽  
Inner Cortex

During a survey of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations of forest herbs in a deciduous forest in the southern Laurentian mountains in Quebec, two liliaceous species, Clintonia borealis and Medeola virginiana, revealed very distinctive morphology. In both species, once the epidermis was penetrated, the fungus spread towards the centre of the root via intracellular hyphae until the innermost layer of the cortex was reached, at which point the fungus spread laterally and tangentially through the cortical cells adjacent to the endodermis via a series of banana-shaped projections (bobbits). These eventually differentiated into the arbuscules and the VAM might spread from this inner cortical layer back into the outer cortical layers. In C. borealis, the hyphae coiled in the cortex, and vesicles were formed in the upper cortical cells. In M. virginiana, no coiling took place, but extensive diverticulae were produced by the intracellular hyphae in the cortical cells, close to their point of exit, and vesicles were produced in the inner cortex as swellings from the bobbits. These two mycorrhizae have some similarities to one in Colchicum autumnale described by I. Gallaud (1905. Rev. Gen. Bot. 17). Keywords: vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, Clintonia borealis, Medeola virginiana, Liliaceae, morphology.

Mycorrhizae in a southern California desert: ecological implications

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Bethlenfalvay ◽  
S. Dakessian ◽  
R. S. Pacovsky
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Site Preference ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Random Site

Perennial plants of 19 families were surveyed for colonization by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi at four sites in the Anza–Borrego Desert State Park, California, an area characterized as arid to extremely arid. Soils at all sites were very low in phosphorus and nitrogen and had a coarse sandy texture. The sites were distinct in the floristic composition of their vegetation. All plants (38 species) were colonized by VAM fungi (six species). The distribution of the VAM mycoflora was not random. Site preference by VAM-fungal species was ascribed to an interaction of factors pertaining to the host plants and to edaphic and climatic conditions.

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