Method and time of alfalfa termination affects cereal growth and weed populations

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Moyer ◽  
M. J. Clapperton ◽  
A. L. Boswall
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
N Content ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

Experiments were established on irrigated land at Lethbridge, Alberta, to determine the effect of timing and method of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) termination on weed abundance, soil moisture and N content, cereal yield and colonization of roots by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Alfalfa growth was terminated using no, minimum, and conventional tillage in either late summer, early fall, or spring. Herbicide was applied or tillage was used to control volunteer alfalfa, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), and kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrader] before seeding cereals. Dandelion and volunteer alfalfa density tended to be greatest after no-tillage treatments, and poor in-crop alfalfa control likely reduced cereal yields in no-tillage plots. In contrast, the major in-crop broadleaf weed, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), was most dense (7 plants m-2) in tilled plots. Both wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yields were reduced 9 to 12% after alfalfa termination with no-tillage treatments compared with minimum or conventional tillage. In spring, after seeding, available soil N content averaged 138, 101 and 79 kg ha-1 for conventional-, minimum-and no-tillage plots, respectively; however, fall no-tillage treatments seemed to supply sufficient N for wheat and barley. Soil moisture content tended to be similar after all termination treatments. Wheat and barley responded differently to time and method of termination in terms of seedling root length and colonization by VAM fungi. The percentage of root colonized by VAM fungi was greater on both barley and wheat in no-tillage compared to cultivated treatments. It may be possible to have similar wheat and barley yields after no tillage and tilled alfalfa termination if no-tillage termination is initiated in fall and effective incrop herbicides are used for volunteer alfalfa and dandelion control. Key words: Alfalfa termination, no-tillage, N, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, weed density

Susceptibility of barley cultivars to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Boyetchko ◽  
J. P. Tewari
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Glomus Species ◽  
The University

The relative susceptibility of selected barley cultivars produced in western Canada to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi under field and greenhouse conditions was evaluated in this study. Cultivars tested under field conditions at the University of Alberta and Lacombe research stations showed no significant differences in VAM colonization of barley roots; colonization was light. Greenhouse trials at the University of Alberta with eight cultivars inoculated with individual mycorrhizal species illustrated significant differences among the barley cultivars in their reactions to Glomus dimorphicum, G. intraradices, and G. mosseae. Distinct differences were observed in the ability of each Glomus species to colonize the barley cultivars. The VAM fungi increased growth and yield in some cultivars, depending on the Glomus species. This study indicates that a degree of host-specificity exists in VAM fungi and that the host-mycorrhizal fungus genotypes may influence the effectiveness of the symbiosis. Key words: Barley, cultivars, susceptibility, VA mycorrhizal fungi

COLONIZATION OF PEACH ROOTSTOCKS BY INDIGENOUS VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (VAM) FUNGI

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. TRAQUAIR ◽  
S. M. BERCH
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Peach Rootstocks ◽  
Scion Cultivar

Six-month-old seedling rootstocks of peach cultivars Siberian C, Bailey and Harrow Blood, and mature trees in a 4-yr-old orchard which was planted with rootstock cultivars Siberian C, Bailey, Harrow Blood, Chui Lum Tao, Tzim Pee Tao, Lovell, Halford, H7338013, H7338016 and H7338019 grafted with scion cultivar Redhaven, were rated for colonization by indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after growth in a local sandy soil. Feeder roots of all the rootstocks were heavily colonized. However, no significant differences between the cultivars were observed with respect to percentage of root lengths colonized under these field conditions. Fungi identified on the basis of spore extraction from soil around colonized roots included G. aggregatum, G. mosseae, G. tortuosum, Scutellospora aurigloba, and S. calospora.Key words: Intraspecific receptivity, endomycorrhizae, Prunus persica

DISTRIBUTION OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN SOILS POLLUTED WITH INDUSTRIAL AND SEWAGE EFFLUENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N.K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
JAYRAJ PANDEY ◽  
INDU SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sewage Effluents ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

The microbial communities including VAM fungi get affected by the sewage and industrial effluent. About this there is not much information. Soil polluted with sewage effluents supported less VAM population than non-polluted. 44 VAM fungal species were collected and indentified.

Ecological interaction of little bluestem and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2272-2277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Dickman ◽  
Anthony E. Liberta ◽  
Roger C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Acaulospora Laevis ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Vam Colonization ◽  
Hill Prairie

The percentage of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization of little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) (Michx.) Nash.) and VAM spore populations in the rhizosphere of little bluestem from four prairie areas in Illinois were studied. At Goose Lake Prairie, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) was found between soil moisture and density of VAM spores, but soil moisture and percent VAM colonization were not significantly correlated at any of its sites. Percentage of VAM colonization tended to be higher at study areas where little bluestem was a dominant species. However, spore numbers and abundance of little bluestem tended to be inversely related. Colonization decreased from May to July at all areas and this trend frequently continued into September. Month of sample collection had no significant effect on spore numbers except at Reavis Hill Prairie. The endophyte isolated at all areas was Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe. Other species, such as Gigaspora heterogama (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe and Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe, were more restricted in their distribution.

Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Phillips ◽  
Yoram Kapulnik
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions

Colonization Potential of Ornamental Plants by Three Vesicular–Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 449e-449
Author(s):  
Martin Trépanier ◽  
Jacques-André Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Colonization Potential ◽  
The Media

Roots of majority of natural shrubs are colonized by many species of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. These kinds of fungi form a symbiosis with the root system of the plant and give a better water and mineral absorption (P, Zn, N, Cu, etc.), and a better root disease resistance to the plant. However, the media usually used in ornemental plants nursery contain no or few mycorrhizal fungi. For now, new commercial inoculum are available and could be used to get the advantages provided by VAM fungi. In order to evaluate the potential of ornamental plants to be colonized, we have inoculated the rooting media with three VAM fungi (Glomus intraradices Schenk & Smith, Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann, and Glomus mosseae Nicol. & Gerd.; Premier Tech, Rivière-du-Loup, Québec). The inoculum proportion used contained about 1500 propagules/L. After 16 weeks, near 80% of the 200 species and cultivars tested have shown a colonization by at least one of the fungi. We shall present here a list of the results.

Utilization of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 1015-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Menge
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Direct Inoculation

Commercial use of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) may be an alternative to rising agricultural energy and fertilizer costs. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae may be able to increase crop yields while reducing fertilizer and energy inputs. Since mycorrhizal fungi are naturally present in most soils, their unique fertilizer abilities are already being utilized by most crop plants. Commercial uses of VA mycorrhizal fungi are therefore currently restricted to situations where the natural populations of VAM fungi have been destroyed or damaged such as in fumigated or chemically treated areas, greenhouses, and disturbed areas such as coal spoils, strip mines, waste areas, or road beds. Commercial production of VAM inoculum is presently being attempted at several locations in the U.S. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum is produced by growing VAM fungi on the roots of suitable host plants under aseptic greenhouse conditions The inoculum consists of the host-plant growth medium and host roots associated with VAM hyphae and spores which have been ground and dried. Most large-scale uses of VAM involve the establishment of the mycorrhizae on seedlings which will be transplanted to the field. Large-scale methods for direct inoculation with VAM have not yet been devised, but in small trials, layering, banding, broadcasting, and pelleting seed with VAM inoculum have proved effective. Methods for determining what soils are most likely to benefit from applications of VAM fungi are available. The potential for employing VAM fungi on a wide scale in agriculture is dependent on the development of crop growth-promoting strains of VAM which are superior to native soil populations of VAM fungi.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) under No-tillage and Tillage Practices in a Semiarid Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahieddine Sebbane ◽  
Sonia Labidi ◽  
Miloud Hafsi
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf ◽  
Colonization Rates

Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are root symbionts that improve host plant growth and resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses allowing a sustain plant production particularly under harsh conditions. Methods: The objective of this study is to compare the effect of conventional tillage and no-tillage practices on AMF symbiosis with durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) through the evaluation of root colonization and AMF spore density in the soil of three different sites in a semi-arid region in Algeria. Two sites were conducted under rain-fed conditions and one was irrigated.Result: Mycorrhizal root colonization varied according to the site and the tillage practice, while spore density differed between sites. Spore density was higher in sites under rain-fed conditions suggesting that water deficit stimulate sporulation, while root colonization seems to be limited by drought. No-tillage improved root colonization rates by 54.3% compared to conventional tillage system and this improvement, particularly the arbuscular percentage, was higher under drought conditions. In addition, root colonization rates showed a positive correlation with the organic matter content and pH in the soil and a negative correlation with the available phosphorus in the soil. These results indicate that no-tillage enhance the establishment of AMF symbiosis with durum wheat under semi-arid conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Vesicular–Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Commercial Production of Silver King (Aglaonema commutatum L.) Plants

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 680b-680
Author(s):  
G.S. Guzman ◽  
I.C.A Alvarez ◽  
L.J. Farias
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Glomus Aggregatum ◽  
Vam Fungi ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

In the commercial production of silver king plants and other ornate plants, the substrates are treated with fungicides, which affect the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and the plant growth negatively. The restoration of de VAM fungi to the substrate, after its disinfection, might improvement the development. The effectiveness and infectiveness of Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus aggregatum on silver king (Aglaonema commutatum) plants was evaluated in this work. Seedlings of 4-week-old, growing treated with mancozeb, were removed and planted in pots filled with a disinfected mixture of sand soil, cow manure and coconut powder (1:2:2), containing the inoculum of VAM fungi (soil with spores and colonized roots). After 3 and 4 months of the inoculation, plants were removed and dry weight of roots and shoot, number and length of leaves, and mycorrhizal colonization were evaluated. A better development was showed in plants inoculated, resulting highest values in number and length of leaves in relation to control plants. Both VAM fungi improvement the number and length of leaves. The percentage root length colonized (80%) and visual density of endophyte in roots was highest in plants inoculated with Glomus aggregatum in both sampling period.

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