An integrated approach, using biological and chemical control, to prevent blue stain in pine logs

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad J. Behrendt ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
Roberta L. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Piliferum

Biological control of detrimental blue stain fungi has been demonstrated in field experiments using a nonpigmented strain of Ophiostoma piliferum, Cartapip-97™, to inoculate logs. In two field trials 78–97% and 95–99% of wood chips sampled from the sapwood yielded the nonpigmented strain of O. piliferum (NPOP) 8 weeks after inoculation. Wood chip isolations yielding blue stain fungi from the sapwood in noninoculated treatments after 8 weeks ranged from 53 to 83% during the first field trial and 6 to 31% during the second, whereas isolations from NPOP-inoculated treatments ranged from 0 to 3% in the first trial and 0% in the second trial. Phanerochaete gigantea had also colonized the sapwood of all treatments by 24 and 52 weeks, with 20–93% of chip samples in field trial one yielding P. gigantea, and 54–99% for field trial two. Effective control of bark beetles was demonstrated with applications of Dursban 4E. Bark beetle colonization in Dursban-treated logs was less than 3%, a 9–47% decrease when compared to other treatments. Successful control of blue stain fungi appears possible by treating the ends of freshly cut timber with the nonpigmented strain of O. piliferum and spraying logs with Dursban 4E to prevent bark beetles from introducing stain fungi into the sides of logs. Key words: biological control, sapstain, Ophiostoma piliferum, Phanerochaete gigantea, Scolytidae.

The occurrence and pathogenicity of Geosmithia spp. and common blue-stain fungi associated with pine bark beetles in planted forests in Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mally Dori-Bachash ◽  
Liat Avrahami-Moyal ◽  
Alex Protasov ◽  
Zvi Mendel ◽  
Stanley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pine Bark Beetles ◽  
Blue Stain

Biological Control of Blue Stain in Pulpwood: Mechanisms of Control used by Phlebiopsis gigantea

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad J. Behrendt ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Piliferum

SummaryPhlebiopsis gigantea, a white-rot fungus currently being tested in biological processing applications for the pulp and paper industry, was shown to effectively inhibit blue stain fungi in both laboratory and field trials. Inoculation of logs withP. giganteashortly after cutting resulted in up to 86% colonization of logs in the laboratory and 100% in field studies. Colonization of logs by blue stain fungi such asOphiostoma piliferumandO. piceaewas greatly reduced or completely inhibited with prior inoculation byP. gigantea. In field studies, blue stain fungi colonized up to 53% of the sapwood and stained as much as 31% of the sapwood in non-inoculated control logs in contrast to 4% colonization and 2% stain in treated logs. Logs inoculated withO. piliferum2 weeks prior to inoculation withP. giganteawere 88% colonized byO. piliferumand had 33% of the sapwood stained after 7 weeks, and 33% colonized and 18% stained after 29 weeks. Scanning electron micrographs ofP. giganteaandO. piliferumhyphae showedP. giganteaparasitizing the blue stain fungus.Phlebiopsis giganteawas shown penetrating and growing adjacent to collapsed and disintegrated blue stain hyphae.Phlebiopsis giganteaalso decolorized sapwood previously stained blue.

scholarly journals Use of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Ophiostoma clavatum, the Primary Blue Stain Fungus Associated with Ips acuminatus

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 2527-2533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Villari ◽  
Jennifer A. Tomlinson ◽  
Andrea Battisti ◽  
Neil Boonham ◽  
Paolo Capretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Tree Defenses ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Brunneo Ciliatum

ABSTRACTLoop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an alternative amplification technology which is highly sensitive and less time-consuming than conventional PCR-based methods. Three LAMP assays were developed, two for detection of species of symbiotic blue stain fungi associated withIps acuminatus, a bark beetle infesting Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and an additional assay specific toI. acuminatusitself for use as a control. In common with most bark beetles,I. acuminatusis associated with phytopathogenic blue stain fungi involved in the process of exhausting tree defenses, which is a necessary step for the colonization of the plant by the insect. However, the identity of the main blue stain fungus vectored byI. acuminatuswas still uncertain, as well as its frequency of association withI. acuminatusunder outbreak and non-outbreak conditions. In this study, we employed LAMP technology to survey six populations ofI. acuminatussampled from the Southern Alps.Ophiostoma clavatumwas detected at all sampling sites, whileOphiostoma brunneo-ciliatum, reported in part of the literature as the main blue stain fungus associated withI. acuminatus, was not detected on any of the samples. These results are consistent with the hypothesis thatO. clavatumis the main blue stain fungus associated withI. acuminatusin the Southern Alps. The method developed in the course of this work provides a molecular tool by which it will be easy to screen populations and derive important data regarding the ecology of the species involved.

scholarly journals The Mitogenomes of Ophiostoma minus and Ophiostoma piliferum and Comparisons With Other Members of the Ophiostomatales

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Zubaer ◽  
Alvan Wai ◽  
Nikita Patel ◽  
Jordan Perillo ◽  
Georg Hausner
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Homing Endonucleases ◽  
Group I ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Piliferum

Fungi assigned to the Ophiostomatales are of economic concern as many are blue-stain fungi and some are plant pathogens. The mitogenomes of two blue-stain fungi, Ophiostoma minus and Ophiostoma piliferum, were sequenced and compared with currently available mitogenomes for other members of the Ophiostomatales. Species representing various genera within the Ophiostomatales have been examined for gene content, gene order, phylogenetic relationships, and the distribution of mobile elements. Gene synteny is conserved among the Ophiostomatales but some members were missing the atp9 gene. A genome wide intron landscape has been prepared to demonstrate the distribution of the mobile genetic elements (group I and II introns and homing endonucleases) and to provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of introns among members of this group of fungi. Examples of complex introns or nested introns composed of two or three intron modules have been observed in some species. The size variation among the mitogenomes (from 23.7 kb to about 150 kb) is mostly due to the presence and absence of introns. Members of the genus Sporothrix sensu stricto appear to have the smallest mitogenomes due to loss of introns. The taxonomy of the Ophiostomatales has recently undergone considerable revisions; however, some lineages remain unresolved. The data showed that genera such as Raffaelea appear to be polyphyletic and the separation of Sporothrix sensu stricto from Ophiostoma is justified.

Two blue-stain fungi colonizing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees infested by bark beetles in Slovakia, Central Europe

Biologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1053-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Pastirčáková ◽  
Katarína Adamčíková ◽  
Martin Pastirčák ◽  
Peter Zach ◽  
Juraj Galko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Four Blue-Stain Fungi Associated with Aggressive and Nonaggressive Bark Beetles

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The pathogenicity of two isolates of each of four bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungi was evaluated after mass inoculation of about 40-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies). Trees were inoculated with a different isolate of each fungus in 1995 and 1996 at a density of 400 inoculations per m2 in a 1.2-m-wide band on the lower bole (about 270 inoculations per tree). Trees were felled 15 weeks after inoculation. In 1995, Ceratocystis polonica was the only fungus that had stained the sapwood (56.3% of cross-sectional sapwood area). It induced five times longer phloem necroses, 21 times more dead cambium, and 11 times more dead phloem than any other fungus. In 1996, C. polonica induced less extensive host symptoms and an unidentified Ambrosiella sp. induced comparable symptoms to C. polonica in the phloem and cambium. No trees showed any foliar symptoms 15 weeks after inoculation, but six out of eight trees inoculated with C. polonica in 1995 had only 0 to 25% functional sapwood and probably would have died if felling had been delayed. This study confirms that C. polonica, an associate of the aggressive bark beetle Ips typographus, is pathogenic to Norway spruce. The pathogenicity of the Ambrosiella sp., which is associated with a nonaggressive bark beetle, seems moderate and varies between isolates. The two remaining fungi included in this study (Ophiostoma piceae and a dark fungus with sterile mycelium), which are associated with nonaggressive bark beetles, were nonpathogenic in both experiments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aggressive bark beetle species vector virulent fungi that may help them kill trees, but the results also show that some nonaggressive bark beetles may vector phytopathogenic fungi.

Fast- and slow-growing subalpine fir produce lesions of different sizes in response to inoculation with a blue-stain fungus associated with Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine P Bleiker ◽  
Adnan Uzunovic
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Slow Growing

Trees with low vigor and reduced radial growth may be more susceptible to attack by bark beetles because of reduced host defenses. Fungi associated with bark beetles may be used to elicit an induced defense response from the host. A blue-stain fungus isolated from Dryocoetes confusus Swaine was used to examine the morphology of the hypersensitive response of fast- and slow-growing subalpine fir trees in British Columbia. Twenty fast-growing and 20 slow-growing trees were inoculated with the blue-stain isolate, and the dimensions of the resultant lesions were compared between fast- and slow-growing trees and between fungus and control treatments at 3, 7, 10, 17, and 41 d after inoculation. The length and width of the lesions was greater in response to fungus versus control treatments at 7, 10, 17, and 41 d after inoculation. The length of the lesions was significantly greater in fast- than in slow-growing trees at 7, 10, and 17 d after inoculation. There was no significant difference in the size of the lesions between fast- and slow-growing trees 41 d after inoculation. The temporary difference in the size of the lesions between fast- and slow-growing trees suggests that host vigor affects the induced defense response within a certain time frame.Key words: Abies lasiocarpa, Dryocoetes confusus, host vigor, defense, blue-stain fungi, Ophiostoma.

Biological Control of Blue Stain Fungi onPopulus tremuloidesUsing SelectedOphiostomaIsolates

Holzforschung ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy J. White-McDougall ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
Roberta L. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain
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