Fast- and slow-growing subalpine fir produce lesions of different sizes in response to inoculation with a blue-stain fungus associated with Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine P Bleiker ◽  
Adnan Uzunovic
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Slow Growing

Trees with low vigor and reduced radial growth may be more susceptible to attack by bark beetles because of reduced host defenses. Fungi associated with bark beetles may be used to elicit an induced defense response from the host. A blue-stain fungus isolated from Dryocoetes confusus Swaine was used to examine the morphology of the hypersensitive response of fast- and slow-growing subalpine fir trees in British Columbia. Twenty fast-growing and 20 slow-growing trees were inoculated with the blue-stain isolate, and the dimensions of the resultant lesions were compared between fast- and slow-growing trees and between fungus and control treatments at 3, 7, 10, 17, and 41 d after inoculation. The length and width of the lesions was greater in response to fungus versus control treatments at 7, 10, 17, and 41 d after inoculation. The length of the lesions was significantly greater in fast- than in slow-growing trees at 7, 10, and 17 d after inoculation. There was no significant difference in the size of the lesions between fast- and slow-growing trees 41 d after inoculation. The temporary difference in the size of the lesions between fast- and slow-growing trees suggests that host vigor affects the induced defense response within a certain time frame.Key words: Abies lasiocarpa, Dryocoetes confusus, host vigor, defense, blue-stain fungi, Ophiostoma.

The occurrence and pathogenicity of Geosmithia spp. and common blue-stain fungi associated with pine bark beetles in planted forests in Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mally Dori-Bachash ◽  
Liat Avrahami-Moyal ◽  
Alex Protasov ◽  
Zvi Mendel ◽  
Stanley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pine Bark Beetles ◽  
Blue Stain

scholarly journals Use of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Ophiostoma clavatum, the Primary Blue Stain Fungus Associated with Ips acuminatus

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 2527-2533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Villari ◽  
Jennifer A. Tomlinson ◽  
Andrea Battisti ◽  
Neil Boonham ◽  
Paolo Capretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Tree Defenses ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Brunneo Ciliatum

ABSTRACTLoop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an alternative amplification technology which is highly sensitive and less time-consuming than conventional PCR-based methods. Three LAMP assays were developed, two for detection of species of symbiotic blue stain fungi associated withIps acuminatus, a bark beetle infesting Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and an additional assay specific toI. acuminatusitself for use as a control. In common with most bark beetles,I. acuminatusis associated with phytopathogenic blue stain fungi involved in the process of exhausting tree defenses, which is a necessary step for the colonization of the plant by the insect. However, the identity of the main blue stain fungus vectored byI. acuminatuswas still uncertain, as well as its frequency of association withI. acuminatusunder outbreak and non-outbreak conditions. In this study, we employed LAMP technology to survey six populations ofI. acuminatussampled from the Southern Alps.Ophiostoma clavatumwas detected at all sampling sites, whileOphiostoma brunneo-ciliatum, reported in part of the literature as the main blue stain fungus associated withI. acuminatus, was not detected on any of the samples. These results are consistent with the hypothesis thatO. clavatumis the main blue stain fungus associated withI. acuminatusin the Southern Alps. The method developed in the course of this work provides a molecular tool by which it will be easy to screen populations and derive important data regarding the ecology of the species involved.

Two blue-stain fungi colonizing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees infested by bark beetles in Slovakia, Central Europe

Biologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1053-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Pastirčáková ◽  
Katarína Adamčíková ◽  
Martin Pastirčák ◽  
Peter Zach ◽  
Juraj Galko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

An integrated approach, using biological and chemical control, to prevent blue stain in pine logs

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad J. Behrendt ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
Roberta L. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ophiostoma Piliferum

Biological control of detrimental blue stain fungi has been demonstrated in field experiments using a nonpigmented strain of Ophiostoma piliferum, Cartapip-97™, to inoculate logs. In two field trials 78–97% and 95–99% of wood chips sampled from the sapwood yielded the nonpigmented strain of O. piliferum (NPOP) 8 weeks after inoculation. Wood chip isolations yielding blue stain fungi from the sapwood in noninoculated treatments after 8 weeks ranged from 53 to 83% during the first field trial and 6 to 31% during the second, whereas isolations from NPOP-inoculated treatments ranged from 0 to 3% in the first trial and 0% in the second trial. Phanerochaete gigantea had also colonized the sapwood of all treatments by 24 and 52 weeks, with 20–93% of chip samples in field trial one yielding P. gigantea, and 54–99% for field trial two. Effective control of bark beetles was demonstrated with applications of Dursban 4E. Bark beetle colonization in Dursban-treated logs was less than 3%, a 9–47% decrease when compared to other treatments. Successful control of blue stain fungi appears possible by treating the ends of freshly cut timber with the nonpigmented strain of O. piliferum and spraying logs with Dursban 4E to prevent bark beetles from introducing stain fungi into the sides of logs. Key words: biological control, sapstain, Ophiostoma piliferum, Phanerochaete gigantea, Scolytidae.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Four Blue-Stain Fungi Associated with Aggressive and Nonaggressive Bark Beetles

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The pathogenicity of two isolates of each of four bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungi was evaluated after mass inoculation of about 40-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies). Trees were inoculated with a different isolate of each fungus in 1995 and 1996 at a density of 400 inoculations per m2 in a 1.2-m-wide band on the lower bole (about 270 inoculations per tree). Trees were felled 15 weeks after inoculation. In 1995, Ceratocystis polonica was the only fungus that had stained the sapwood (56.3% of cross-sectional sapwood area). It induced five times longer phloem necroses, 21 times more dead cambium, and 11 times more dead phloem than any other fungus. In 1996, C. polonica induced less extensive host symptoms and an unidentified Ambrosiella sp. induced comparable symptoms to C. polonica in the phloem and cambium. No trees showed any foliar symptoms 15 weeks after inoculation, but six out of eight trees inoculated with C. polonica in 1995 had only 0 to 25% functional sapwood and probably would have died if felling had been delayed. This study confirms that C. polonica, an associate of the aggressive bark beetle Ips typographus, is pathogenic to Norway spruce. The pathogenicity of the Ambrosiella sp., which is associated with a nonaggressive bark beetle, seems moderate and varies between isolates. The two remaining fungi included in this study (Ophiostoma piceae and a dark fungus with sterile mycelium), which are associated with nonaggressive bark beetles, were nonpathogenic in both experiments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aggressive bark beetle species vector virulent fungi that may help them kill trees, but the results also show that some nonaggressive bark beetles may vector phytopathogenic fungi.

Stand development in an old-growth subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1347-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Parish ◽  
J A Antos ◽  
M -J Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Canopy Trees ◽  
Short Period

The dynamics of an old-growth Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) - subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forest were investigated using stand-history reconstruction. Age and size structures, tree location, and radial increment patterns were used to link establishment and growth to disturbances. The spatial distribution of trees was used to infer patterns of establishment and mortality. The forest originated in the 1650s, probably after fire. Initial establishment took almost 80 years, after which fir continued to recruit effectively, but spruce did not. The tree-ring record showed no evidence of widespread disturbance during the first 200 years, but from about 1855 to 1900 a major period of canopy mortality caused by bark beetles released suppressed trees and provided opportunities for establishment and rapid growth of seedlings of both species. Most current canopy trees established or released during this period of disturbance; thus, many canopy trees are fairly young in this old-growth forest and canopy turnover is high. A short period of disturbance (1927-1932) caused by the balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confusus Swaine) resulted in release of suppressed trees but did not promote seedling establishment. At the time of study (1994), the stand was undergoing another minor disturbance caused by this insect. Bark beetles appear to be of fundamental importance in controlling the dynamics of spruce-fir forests during the long intervals that often occur between fires in cool, wet climates.

Fungal associates of five bark beetle species colonizing Norway spruce

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2115-2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Fungal Associates

Fungi associated with five bark beetle species colonizing Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) were isolated from beetle-inoculated logs. Ipstypographus L., an aggressive tree-killing bark beetle, was associated with a different range of blue-stain fungi than the nonaggressive Pityogeneschalcographus L., Polygraphuspoligraphus L., and Hylurgopspalliatus Gyll. The flora of the nonaggressive Ipsduplicatus Sahib. was similar to that of I. typographus. The pathogenic fungus Ceratocystispolonica (Siem.) C. Moreau, and other blue-stain fungi, were isolated in high frequency from inoculations with both Ips species. Pathogenic blue-stain fungi were absent, or isolated in low frequencies, from inoculations with the other nonaggressive beetle species. With the exception of I. duplicatus, these results support the hypothesis that aggressive bark beetles carry more pathogenic blue-stain fungi than other bark beetles and indicate that pathogenic fungi are important for aggressive bark beetles to kill trees.

Co-baiting for spruce beetles, Dendroctonus rufipennis, and western balsam bark beetles, Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E Greenwood ◽  
John H Borden
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Spruce Beetle

Co-baiting to contain and concentrate the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, was investigated at four locations in British Columbia. Two 9-ha areas were established at each location; one was baited and the other left as a control. Single "interior firs," Abies bifolia A. Murray × Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., or groups of two or three trees, were baited with (±)-exo-brevicomin released at 1.0 mg/24 h. "Interior spruces," Picea engelmannii Engelm. ex Parry × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, were baited with frontalin released at 0.1, 0.6, or 2.5 mg/24 h, or at 0.6 mg/24 h with alpha-pinene, ethanol, or ethyl crotonate. Another experiment investigated possible interspecific interference between D. confusus and D. rufipennis baits. Ratios of currently attacked "green" trees to previously attacked "red" trees for both insects were significantly higher in baited than in control areas, indicating that populations were contained. Baiting, however, did not attract either insect from a zone surrounding each baited area. There was a significant increase in D. confusus attack when two trees instead of one were baited per centre, no increase in D. rufipennis attack when frontalin was released alone or with the potential adjuvants, no effect of frontalin release rates on the percentage of trees attacked by D. rufipennis, and no indication of cross-repellency between baits.

ENDO-BREVICOMIN: AN ANTIAGGREGATION PHEROMONE FOR THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE, DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS SWAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Stock ◽  
J.H. Borden ◽  
T.L. Pratt ◽  
H.D. Pierce ◽  
B.D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Antiaggregation Pheromone ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractLaboratory bioassays and field tests demonstrated that the (+) enantiomer of endo-brevicomin is an antiaggregation pheromone for the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine. (+)-endo-Brevicomin significantly reduced the response of beetles of both sexes to the aggregation pheromone exo-brevicomin in laboratory bioassays and in field experiments using multiple-funnel traps. It also prevented attack on subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt., trees baited with exo-brevicomin. The (−) enantiomer of endo-brevicomin was inactive. These results suggest that (+) or (±)-endo-brevicomin has potential for protecting selected trees from attack, or suppressing western balsam bark beetle activity in high hazard or infested stands.

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