Measurement of the pulling force of a single contractile root

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1433-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Pütz
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Lifting Technique ◽  
Channel Effect ◽  
Contractile Root ◽  
Plant Movement ◽  
Pulling Force ◽  
Root Contraction ◽  
Sauromatum Guttatum

A technique is described that can be used for direct measurement of the force of a single contractile root. This lifting technique has been tested on five species. It is shown that the results from direct measurement are in general agreement with those obtained with an indirect measurement. This new technique makes it possible to measure the pulling force of plants with specialized movements, e.g., Triteleia hyacinthina, in which contractile roots produce a channel for the movement of the offset. Although Triteleia contractile roots have what has been described as a 100% channel effect, measurements with the lifting technique show that a pulling force can, indeed, be measured. Key words: contractile root(s), monocotyledons, root contraction, plant movement, Triteleia hyacinthina, Sauromatum guttatum.

Applied Technology with Methods for Measuring Sulfur Blank Values by Using Infrared Absorption Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 977 ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Kuo Hsiang Tang ◽  
Hong Ling He
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Absorption Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Direct Measurement Method ◽  
The Impact

Currently, there are three major methods for infrared carbon-sulfur analyzer to measure blank values. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods by using the measured test data from specific tests, and finally makes a conclusion that, the Cycle Measurement of Sulfur Blank Value (CMSBV) created by JIANHUAN WEI is the most effective method. Entering this sulfur blank value into analyser, the automatic deduction of blank values will be performed. As a result, the impact of the blank value on sulfur measurement can be eliminated. Key words: Sulfur blank value, direct measurement method, indirect measurement method, The Cycle Measurement of Sulfur Blank Value (CMSBV)

Association Between Scapular Posture and Two Different Pectoralis Minor Length Tests in Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Leyla Eraslan ◽  
Gulcan Harput ◽  
Damla Deniz ◽  
Taha Yildiz ◽  
Burak Ulusoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Postural Asymmetry ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Length Measurements

Postural asymmetry due to the alterations in scapular posture is typically considered to be associated with injury. Pectoralis minor (PM) has played a crucial role in scapular posture, but limited knowledge exists that shows the possible effect of PM length on static scapular positioning in adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between static scapular positioning and two different PM length measurements in adolescents. Pearson rank test demonstrated that direct measurements of the PM length significantly and strongly inversely correlated to scapular anterior tilting (p = .01; r = −.592)and significantly and moderately inversely correlated to scapular internal rotation (p = .013; r = −.465) and scapular downward rotation (p = .028; r = −.416). However, indirect measurement of the PM length was not related to scapular posture. No significant correlation was found between direct and indirect PM length measurements. Direct measurement of PM length presents more information regarding alterations of the static scapular positioning.

Indirect measurement of total exchangeable potassium

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. F253-F259 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Shizgal ◽  
A. H. Spanier ◽  
J. Humes ◽  
C. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Insignificant Difference ◽  
Total Body

A technique is described for the indirect measurement of total exchangeable potassium (Ke) that involves neither the rapidly decaying radioisotopes of potassium nor a total body counter. Total exchangeable sodium (Nae) and total body water (TBW) are measured by isotope dilution. Ke is calculated from Ke = R (TBW) - Nae, where R is the ratio of the sodium plus potassium content divided by the water content, in a sample of whole blood. In 19 normal rats and four rats with uremia there was an insignificant difference between the indirect determination of Ke and its direct measurement by carcass analysis. A similar insignificant difference was recorded between the indirect determination of Ke and its direct measurement by potassium-42 dilution in 15 normal dogs, five dogs with uremia, 14 dogs in an hyposmolar state, and in 20 patients. In 25 normal volunteers, Ke was determined indirectly. The regression of Ke on TBW and the 95% confidence intervals of this population was similar to published data in which Ke was determined by potassium-42 dilution. The indirect measurement of Ke was, therefore, validated experimentally.

Spiroplasma cells utilize carbohydrates via the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 477-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tarshis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
Sulfhydryl Reagents ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Sugar Utilization ◽  
Washed Cell ◽  
Phosphate Donor ◽  
Washed Cell Suspension

Ten Spiroplasma species tested were found capable of fermenting glucose, mannose, fructose, and sucrose, but not ribose, maltose, 2-deoxyglucose, xylose, sorbitol, glactose, lactose, and arabinose. Sugar utilization was measured by a direct measurement of the changes in pH of a washed cell suspension upon the addition of the various sugars. Sulfhydryl reagents, uncouplers, and glycolysis inhibitors prevented the sugar-induced pH shifts. The spiroplasmas were capable of phosporylating α-methylgucoside in a reaction that required phosphoenolypyruvate, but not ATP, as a phosphate donor, suggesting that Spiroplasma species possess a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system. Key words: Spiroplasma, carbohydrate utilization, pH changes, phosphenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system.

scholarly journals Measurement method for incisions ablated by femtosecond laser in biological soft tissues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Shen ◽  
Zhao wanqin ◽  
Haodong Liu ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
High Measurement ◽  
Direct Measurement Method ◽  
Measurement Efficiency

Abstract BackgroundHematoxylin and Eosin staining in paraffin embedded tissue (H&E staining in paraffin embedded tissue) is a widely used method in the incision dimensions measurement. Since H&E staining in paraffin embedded tissue requires complicated process and spends a lot of time, a direct measurement method based on a microscope is proposed to measure the incision dimensions, which greatly improves the efficiency.AimIn this paper, a direct measurement method using optical microscope and an indirect measurement method based on H&E staining in paraffin embedded tissue are presented and compared, so as to obtain a better method of measurement efficiency and accuracy.ApproachThe femtosecond laser is used to process chicken breast tissue, the directly measurement method based on a microscope and indirectly measurement method based on H&E staining are used to measure dimensions. Moreover, the laser confocal microscopy measurement (LCM) is also used to measure the incision depth.ResultsIt was found that the direct measurement method has high measurement efficiency and accuracy for incision dimensions measurement.ConclusionsOverall, the incision dimensions obtained by femtosecond laser processing can be measured through the direct measurement method instead of H&E staining in paraffin embedded tissue.

scholarly journals Subnasio-Sella Distance for Transnasal Approach to the Sella Region: Indirect vs. Direct Measurement on Sagittal Section of the Skull in Nigerians

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Ihuoma A Igwilo ◽  
Ademola A Oremosu ◽  
Okezie O Kanu ◽  
Olufunke Dosumu
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Anterior Skull Base ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Transnasal Approach ◽  
Anterior Nasal Spine

Objectives: The incidence of pituitary pathology requiring surgery is on the increase. The transnasal approach to anterior skull base is a technique which demands a thorough knowledge of the surgical anatomy. There is a dearth of knowledge on reference values for transnasal surgery on subjects of African descent. Thus the aim of this study is to ultimately improve visualisation of the surgical corridor, minimize surgical risks and improved maneuverability of surgical instruments during transnasal microsurgery (ergonomics). Methods & Materials: A total of 11 cadavers of Nigerian descent were employed in this study. Using the 3 piece caliper set (Big Horn Corporation®,India), an indirect measurement of the Subnasio-sella distance was obtained. Subsequently, a direct measurement was obtained from sagittal sections of the same skulls. Result: All randomly selected cadavers employed in the study were adult males of Sub-saharan descent. The mean indirect (distance from the anterior nasal spine i.e. subnasal point to the sella floor in an intact skull), direct A (subnasio-sella distance in a sagitally transected skull) and sella thickness measurements were found to be 8.6cm ± 0.38 cm, 8.7 cm ± 0.37 cm and 0.2 cm±0.05 cm respectively ,at 95% confidence interval. Comparison of the indirect and the direct A measurements showed statistical significance (p<0.5). A semi-logarithmic equation was derived: Direct A= 8.297 ln(Indirect measurement) – 9.079 Conclusion: Since transnasal transsphenoidal approach has been successfully used in the treatment of various anterior skull base pathologies, applying a relationship equation would guide choice of instruments employed and immensely minimize associated operative risks. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8453 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 120-129

scholarly journals Analisis Dimorfisme Kupu-Kupu Sayap Burung (Ornithoptera sp.) Endemik Papua

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Evie L. Warikar ◽  
Euniche R.P.F. Ramandey ◽  
Hendra K. Maury
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Shape And Size ◽  
Insect Collection

Ornitophera sp. is one of the groups of butterflies endemic in Papua and West Papua provinces. The significant morphological differences between male and female butterflies (dimorphism) are in the shape, size and color of the wings. Morphological characteristics are important sources of information. Based on the results of specimen collections at the Papua Insect Collection Laboratory (KSP) Jayapura, there are several species from various locations in Papua. The variation in dimorphism is likely to occur in this species which gives rise to new sub-species. The purpose of this study was to record the dimorphism of the endemic Bird Wing of Papua which had been stored in the Papua Insect Collection Laboratory (KSP) Jayapura. The method used is a direct measurement of the morphology of bird wing butterfly specimens stored in the KSP Laboratory, Cenderawasih University. Morphometric data were analyzed using the SPSS 20 and Multi Variate Statistical Package (MVSP 3.1) programs. The results obtained were 7 Ornithoptera species stored in the KSP Jayapura Laboratory, namely O. chiamera, O. goliath, O. meridionalis, O. paradisea, O. priamus, O. thitonus and O. rothschildi. Based on observations there are striking differences in color, shape and size between male and female in the same species.   Key words: birdwing butterfly, Ornithoptera sp., KSP Jayapura, dimorphisme.  

scholarly journals MLP-Based Model for Estimation of Methane Seam Pressure

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7661
Author(s):  
Marta Skiba ◽  
Barbara Dutka ◽  
Mariusz Młynarczuk
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Best Fit

One of the principal indicators of the methane hazard in coal mines is gas pressure. This parameter directly affects the methane content in the seam as well as the rate of its release resulting from mining operations. Because of limitations in the existing methods for methane seam pressure measuring, primarily technical difficulties associated with direct measurement and the time-consuming nature of indirect measurement, this parameter is often disregarded in the coal and gas outburst forecasts. To overcome the above-mentioned difficulties, an attempt was made to estimate the methane seam pressure with the use of artificial neural networks. Two MLP-based models were developed to estimate the average and maximum methane seam pressure values, respectively. The analyses demonstrated high correlation between the values indicated by the neural models and the reference values determined on the basis of sorption isotherms. According to the adopted fit criterion, the prediction errors for the best fit were 2.59% and 3.04% for the average and maximum seam pressure values, respectively. The obtained determination coefficients (exceeding the value of 0.99) confirmed the very good predictive abilities of the models. These results imply a great potential for practical application of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Indirect Measurement of Leaf Area Index in California North Coast Vineyards

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee F. Johnson ◽  
Lars L. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
Coast Region

The performance of the LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (PCA) for indirect measurement of leaf area index (LAI) was evaluated in vineyards of California's North Coast region. Twelve plots were established, representing vineyards of differing trellis, cultivar, and planting density. Mean LAI ranged from 0.5- to 2.25-m2 leaf area per m2 ground area by direct measurement (defoliation). Indirect LAI derived by a standard two-azimuth, diagonal-transect measurement protocol was significantly related to direct LAI (r2 = 0.78, P ≤ 0.001). However, the PCA underestimated direct LAI by about a factor of two. Narrowing the instrument's conical field of view from 148° to 56° increased indirect LAI by 13% to 60% in vertically trained plots, but still resulted in substantial underestimation of direct values. Use of this PCA protocol in vineyards should therefore be accompanied by direct measurement for calibration purposes.

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