The stomatal complex of Persea borbonia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2543-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Herbert Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
Sassafras Albidum ◽  
Persea Borbonia ◽  
Slot Opening ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Ventral Wall ◽  
Cytoplasmic Continuity

The ultrastructure of the guard cell complex of Persea borbonia is described. The guard cells are embedded in the midregion of the ventral wall of subsidiary cells. The outer portions of the subsidiary cell wall is extensively thickened forming a domelike structure with a large slot opening projecting above the stomatal aperture. The outer walls of epidermal cells are also extensively thickened. The fused ventral cell walls have perforations resulting in cytoplasmic continuity between guard cells. The guard cells and subsidiary cells contain normal cytoplasmic constituents, including chloroplasts. Preliminary studies of three other Lauraceae species, Persea americana, Sassafras albidum, and Laurus nobilis, indicate a similarly structured stomatal complex.

Ultrastructure of the epidermis and stomatal complex of balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1064-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Fincher Chabot ◽  
Brian F. Chabot
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
Fibrillar Material ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Ventral Wall

The ultrastructure of the epidermis and stomatal complex of Abies balsamea (balsam fir) was examined. Needles were fixed at the time of emergence from the bud and at intervals thereafter. Epidermal cells in the youngest needles examined had a prominent nucleus, with several nucleoli, ribosome-rich cytoplasm, a few rudimentary chloroplasts. and small vesicles with osmiophilic material. With maturation, the vacuole expanded to nearly fill the cell leaving only a thin layer of cytoplasm around the wall. The walls underwent a high degree of thickening, and a wax and cuticle layer developed.Guard cells were located below the needle surface with specialized subsidiary cells overarching them and creating a stomatal antechamber. This cavity contained wax formations deposited even before the needles emerged from the bud scales. Guard cells were substantially matured at the time of bud break with a characteristic pattern of wall structure. Chloroplasts, which develop multiple starch grains, were abundant near the polar ends of the cells. Radial micellation of the walls was pronounced. Specialized 'hinge' areas were noted. A region on the ventral wall, facing the pore, lacked lignification and showed distinct bends in the fibrillar material, which may be associated with opening and closing the stomate.

Differential expression of K+ channels between guard cells and subsidiary cells within the maize stomatal complex

Planta ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 222 (6) ◽  
pp. 968-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Büchsenschütz ◽  
Irene Marten ◽  
Dirk Becker ◽  
Katrin Philippar ◽  
Peter Ache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Subsidiary Cells

Ultrastructure des mitochondries des stomates de maïs; cas d'une ouverture photoactive

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1861-1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Lascève ◽  
Alain Vavasseur ◽  
Philippe Couchat ◽  
Liliane Pellegrini ◽  
Max Pellegrini
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Night Period ◽  
Inverse Pattern

Young intact maize plants were placed in an experimental chamber specially designed to allow continuous measurement of transpiration and photosynthetic rates in defined environmental conditions. After two circadian periods, leaf samples were collected at the end of the night period and after 150 min of light exposure. Samples were immediately immersed in fixative bath and prepared for ultrastructural examination. In darkness, when stomata were closed, most of the observed guard cell mitochondria exhibited the characteristic morphology of the resting state, while the others appeared in the respiring state. In subsidiary cells, the distribution showed an inverse pattern. After photoactive stomatal opening, all mitochondria of the guard cells were in the resting state 3 configuration, but in subsidiary cells they were in active state 4 configuration. These differences in mitochondrial ultrastructure corresponding to their location in guard cells or subsidiary cells during photoactive stomatal opening provide information about energy expenditure in the cells of the stomatal complex. Subsidiary cells appear to play a role more important than merely an ionic reservoir.

Stomatal rings: structure, functions and origin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly Pautov ◽  
Svetlana Bauer ◽  
Olga Ivanova ◽  
Elena Krylova ◽  
Olga Yakovleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Characteristic Features

Abstract Stomatal rings are structural elements of stomata of some flowering plants, being found in various groups of eudicots. The presence of a stomatal ring on a stoma does not depend on stomatal complex types, dimensions of stomata or their density. The guard cells of these stomata lie on the subsidiary cells. The location of the outer ledges on the outer tangential walls of the guard cells and the position of the stomatal rings on the guard cell walls around the outer ledges or on the outer ledges themselves are also among the characteristic features of these stomata. To elucidate the role of the stomatal rings we applied modelling using the finite-element method. The modelling has shown that the outer ledges prevent movements of the outer tangential walls of the guard cells and stimulate movements of the inner tangential walls and the immersion of the opening stomatal pore in the epidermis. Stomatal rings can enhance this effect. They also prevent the movements of the outer ledges and the widening of the stomatal aperture between them during stoma opening. This type of stomata occurs in evergreen plants growing in diverse conditions.

A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Isolated Guard Cells

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 454-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dayanandan ◽  
P. B. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Psilotum Nudum ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Welwitschia Mirabilis ◽  
Cycas Revoluta ◽  
Scanning Electron

A three dimensional appreciation of the guard cell morphology coupled with ultrastjuctural studies should lead to a better understanding of their still obscure dynamics of movement. We have found the SEM of great value not only in studies of the surface details of stomata but also in resolving the structures and relationships that exist between the guard and subsidiary cells. We now report the isolation and SEM studies of guard cells from nine genera of plants.Guard cells were isolated from the following plants: Psilotum nudum, four species of Equisetum, Cycas revoluta, Ceratozamia sp., Pinus sylvestris, Ephedra cochuma, Welwitschia mirabilis, Euphorbia tirucalli and Allium cepa.

Stomatal ontogeny of the vegetative and floral organs of some Papilionaceae

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Shah ◽  
BV Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Stomatal Ontogeny

The structure and development of stomata on the vegetative and floral organs of Vigna unguiculata Walp., and the vegetative organs of Phaseolus radiatus L. and P. aconitifolius Jacq. are described. Paracytic, anisocytic, and anomocytic stomata are present on the same surface of different organs of the plants investigated except on the stem and petiole of V. unguiculata, the bract of P. radiatus, and the petiole, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius where the last type is absent. Stomata with only one subsidiary cell are found on the leaf, petiole, sepal, and petal of V. unguiculata. Diacytic stomata occur on the stipel of P. radiatus and the stem, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius. Paracytic stomata are by far the commonest on each organ. The frequency of different types of stomata on different organs in the plants investigated is tabulated. The ontogeny of different kinds of stomata on each organ is mesogenous, but the perigenous type may be found on the petal and pericarp of V. unguiculata and the stipule of P. radiatus. The variation in stomata is due to: (a) a diversity in stomatal types even on the same surface, and (b) an increase in the number of subsidiary cells. The subsidiary cells divide, or additional subsidiary cells are derived from adjacent epidermal cells. The present study also supports the inclusion of the species concerned in the tribe Phaseolae.

ONTOGENY OF STOMATA IN SOME CRUCIFERAE

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Paliwal
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Vertical Division ◽  
Subsidiary Cells

The ontogeny of stomata was investigated in 12 species of Cruciferae. The three subsidiary cells as well as the guard cells originate from the same protodermal cell and thus the ontogeny conforms to the syndetocheilic type. The mature stomata are anisocytic. Sometimes, the subsidiary cells undergo a transverse and (or) vertical division and the mature stoma shows four to five subsidiary cells.

Fossil flowers and leaves of the Ebenaceae from the Eocene of southern Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1825-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Basinger ◽  
David C. Christophel
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Fossil Leaves ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
The Family ◽  
Fossil Flowers ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Clay Lenses ◽  
Coal Measures

Numerous flowers and a diverse assemblage of leaves are mummified in clay lenses in the base of the Demons Bluff Formation overlying the Eastern View Coal Measures. Fossil localities occur in the Alcoa of Australia open cut near Anglesea, Victoria, Australia. Flowers are tubular, less than 10 mm long, and about 5 mm wide. Four sepals are connate forming a cup-shaped calyx. Four petals are fused in their basal third and alternate with sepals. Flowers are all unisexual and staminate. Stamens are epipetalous and consistently 16 in number, arranged in 8 radial pairs. Pollen is subprolate, tricolporate, and about 32 μm in diameter. The exine is smooth to slightly scabrate. A rudimentary ovary occurs in some flowers. Sepals usually have a somewhat textureless abaxial cuticle with actinocytic stomata. Some sepals, however, have frill-like cuticular thickenings over some abaxial epidermal cells and some subsidiary cells with pronounced papillae overarching guard cells. One of the more common leaf types found associated with the flowers is characterized by the same peculiar cuticular thickenings and overarching papillae on subsidiary cells that occur on sepals. This cuticular similarity indicates that flowers and leaves represent a single taxon. Leaves are highly variable in size and shape but are consistently entire margined, with pinnate, brochidodromous venation. The suite of features characterizing the flowers is unique to the Ebenaceae. Flowers of many extant species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) closely resemble the fossil flowers. Fossil leaves, too, are typical of leaves of extant Diospyros. Both flowers and leaves are considered conspecific and have been assigned the name Austrodiospyros cryptostoma gen. et sp. nov. The Anglesea fossils represent one of the earliest well-documented occurrences of the Ebenaceae and are the earliest known remains of Ebenaceae from Australia. They support the hypothesis of a Gondwanan origin for the family with late Tertiary diversification in the Malesian region.

Strucure and ontogeny of normal and abnormal stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Physalis minima L

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Patel ◽  
JA Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Pore Formation ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Arrested Development ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Close Relationship

Fourteen types of normal and abnormal stomatal structure and development in vegetative and floral organs of Physalis minima are presented. Those described include anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, and diacytic stomata, those transitional between paracytic and diacytic, and stomata with a single subsidiary cell. Anomalies observed are degeneration of the meristemoid, a persistent stomatal initial, single guard cells, twin stomata, single guard cells in relationship with a normal stoma, twin single guard cells, stomata with aborted guard cells, and arrested development. Development of the anomocytic type is haplocheilic or perigenous; that of the anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, transitional, and with a single subsidiary cell is syndetocheilic or mesogenous. The persistent stomatal initials are variable in shape and occur solitary or in close relationship with the normal stoma. They may be notched and divide by centripetally extending furrows. Single guard cells develop directly from the meristemoid, or one of the guard cells degenerates before or after pore formation. Twin stomata, single guard cells in close relationship with normal stomata, and twin single guard cells develop from two adjacent meristemoids. Stomata with aborted guard cells are formed as a result of degeneration of guard cells. Arrested development results from early degeneration of nuclei and cytoplasm. The aberrent developments noticed here are partly due to extrinsic factors.

The morphogenesis of substomatal structures in Polypodium vulgare

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (23) ◽  
pp. 2873-2878 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Stevens ◽  
E. S. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cell Complex ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Stomatal Complex

The development of substomatal sacs and the capacity of the underlying ion-adsorbent sites to accumulate potassium is examined in relation to the ontogeny of the stomatal complex and mature guard cells of the fern, Polypodium vulgare. It is suggested that while the substomatal structures are formed at an early stage of stomatal development, their functional capacity may not be fully realised until the guard cell complex is fully matured.

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