Strucure and ontogeny of normal and abnormal stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Physalis minima L

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Patel ◽  
JA Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Pore Formation ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Arrested Development ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Close Relationship

Fourteen types of normal and abnormal stomatal structure and development in vegetative and floral organs of Physalis minima are presented. Those described include anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, and diacytic stomata, those transitional between paracytic and diacytic, and stomata with a single subsidiary cell. Anomalies observed are degeneration of the meristemoid, a persistent stomatal initial, single guard cells, twin stomata, single guard cells in relationship with a normal stoma, twin single guard cells, stomata with aborted guard cells, and arrested development. Development of the anomocytic type is haplocheilic or perigenous; that of the anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, transitional, and with a single subsidiary cell is syndetocheilic or mesogenous. The persistent stomatal initials are variable in shape and occur solitary or in close relationship with the normal stoma. They may be notched and divide by centripetally extending furrows. Single guard cells develop directly from the meristemoid, or one of the guard cells degenerates before or after pore formation. Twin stomata, single guard cells in close relationship with normal stomata, and twin single guard cells develop from two adjacent meristemoids. Stomata with aborted guard cells are formed as a result of degeneration of guard cells. Arrested development results from early degeneration of nuclei and cytoplasm. The aberrent developments noticed here are partly due to extrinsic factors.

Stomatal ontogeny of the vegetative and floral organs of some Papilionaceae

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Shah ◽  
BV Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Stomatal Ontogeny

The structure and development of stomata on the vegetative and floral organs of Vigna unguiculata Walp., and the vegetative organs of Phaseolus radiatus L. and P. aconitifolius Jacq. are described. Paracytic, anisocytic, and anomocytic stomata are present on the same surface of different organs of the plants investigated except on the stem and petiole of V. unguiculata, the bract of P. radiatus, and the petiole, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius where the last type is absent. Stomata with only one subsidiary cell are found on the leaf, petiole, sepal, and petal of V. unguiculata. Diacytic stomata occur on the stipel of P. radiatus and the stem, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius. Paracytic stomata are by far the commonest on each organ. The frequency of different types of stomata on different organs in the plants investigated is tabulated. The ontogeny of different kinds of stomata on each organ is mesogenous, but the perigenous type may be found on the petal and pericarp of V. unguiculata and the stipule of P. radiatus. The variation in stomata is due to: (a) a diversity in stomatal types even on the same surface, and (b) an increase in the number of subsidiary cells. The subsidiary cells divide, or additional subsidiary cells are derived from adjacent epidermal cells. The present study also supports the inclusion of the species concerned in the tribe Phaseolae.

Development of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of some Caryophyllaceae

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
The Family ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata

The development and structure of diacytic (caryophyllaceous) stomata in vegetative and floral organs of five species of the family Caryophyllaceae has been investigated. The mature stomata are diacytic or anomocytic and rarely with a single subsidiary cell. The ontogeny of diacytic stomata is of the meso-perigenous type. The development of anomocytic stomata is of the perigenous type and that of stomata with a single subsidiary cell is mesogenous.

Anatomy of Culcita macrocarpa

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Taxonomic Position ◽  
Transverse Orientation ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
First Time ◽  
Silica Crystals

The anatomy of Culcita macrocarpa Presl., the taxonomic position of which has been in dispute, is described in detail for the first time. The stem is solenostelic. Important diagnostic features are the presence of cubical cells with silica crystals in both cortex and pith, and a transverse orientation of some of the sieve cells. Each petiole has a U-shaped vascular bundle. Stomata are of the syndetocheilic type with one subsidiary cell. The indusium has abaxial and adaxial lips which are structurally dissimilar. Anatomical characteristics of the species justify its inclusion in the Cyatheaceae (sensu Holttum and Sen, 1961), and show close relationship with Thyrsopteris.

scholarly journals Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying the Differentiation of Neotenic Reproductives in Termites: Partial Release From Arrested Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Oguchi ◽  
Kiyoto Maekawa ◽  
Toru Miura
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Arrested Development ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Caste Ratio ◽  
Reproductive Division Of Labor ◽  
Partial Release

Eusocial insects exhibit reproductive division of labor, in which only a part of colony members differentiates into reproductives. In termite colonies, the division of labors is performed among multiple types of individuals (i.e., castes), such as reproductives, workers, and soldiers to organize their society. Caste differentiation occurs according to extrinsic factors, such as social interactions, leading to developmental modifications during postembryonic development, and consequently, the caste ratio in a colony is appropriately coordinated. In particular, when the current reproductives die or become senescent, some immature individuals molt into supplementary reproductives, also known as “neotenics,” that take over the reproductive task in their natal colony. Neotenics exhibit variety of larval features, such as winglessness, and thus, immature individuals are suggested to differentiate by a partial release from arrested development, particularly in the reproductive organs. These neotenic features, which have long been assumed to develop via heterochronic regulation, provide us opportunities to understand the developmental mechanisms and evolutionary origin of the novel caste. This article overviews the accumulated data on the physiological and developmental mechanisms that regulate the neotenic differentiation in termites. Furthermore, the evolutionary trajectories leading to neotenic differentiation are discussed, namely the acquisition of a regulatory mechanism that enable the partial release from a developmentally arrested state.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Stomatal Structure and Development in the Cotyledons of Lagenaria leucantha (Duch.) Rusby

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Inamdar ◽  
M Gangadhara
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
High Concentration

In untreated cotyledons (controls) anomocytic stomata and stomata with a single subsidiary cell were observed. In cotyledons treated with growth regulators, anisocytic, paracytic, cyclocytic and several abnormal stomatal types were observed in addition to those found in the controls. Gibberellic acid, though a growth promoter, acted as an inhibitor at high concentration. Ascorbic acid at 25 p.p.m. increased the stomatal index and the size of guard cells, while the stomatal frequency decreased. Sucrose at 2000 p.p.m. increased the stomatal index and the length of guard cells. 2,3,5-Tri-iodobenzoic acid caused degeneration of guard cells and acted as a growth inhibitor at higher concentrations. As the concentration of kinetin increased, decreases in the stomatal frequency, index and size of guard cells were noted. Kinetin also induced the formation of contiguous stomata and the division of guard cells. Sulphanilamide could act either as an inhibitor or as a promoter as its concentration increased. Coumarin at 50 p.p.m. reduced the size of guard cells and the stomatal frequency, and commonly induced persistent stomatal initials, while at 100 p.p.m. only the radicle emerged and the cotyledons failed to emerge from the seed-coat. Increased concentrations of colchicine promoted more induction of persistent stomatal initials, and inhibited stomatal formation as was evidenced by a reduced stomatal frequency and index. Colchicine at 50 p.p.m. induced formation of double pores in a stoma, abnormally large pore sizes, and increases in the size of guard cells and their nuclei. With maleic hydrazide the sizes of guard and epidermal cells were reduced and persistent stomatal initials occasionally formed. Growth promoters could sometimes interact with inhibitors to overcome their inhibitory effect, depending on the substances used in combination and their concentrations.

The stomatal complex of Persea borbonia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2543-2547 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Herbert Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
Sassafras Albidum ◽  
Persea Borbonia ◽  
Slot Opening ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Ventral Wall ◽  
Cytoplasmic Continuity

The ultrastructure of the guard cell complex of Persea borbonia is described. The guard cells are embedded in the midregion of the ventral wall of subsidiary cells. The outer portions of the subsidiary cell wall is extensively thickened forming a domelike structure with a large slot opening projecting above the stomatal aperture. The outer walls of epidermal cells are also extensively thickened. The fused ventral cell walls have perforations resulting in cytoplasmic continuity between guard cells. The guard cells and subsidiary cells contain normal cytoplasmic constituents, including chloroplasts. Preliminary studies of three other Lauraceae species, Persea americana, Sassafras albidum, and Laurus nobilis, indicate a similarly structured stomatal complex.

Epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Hibiscus rosasinensis L

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Inamdar ◽  
AJ Chohan
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Outer Epidermis

The epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Hibiscus rosasinensis are described. The epidermal cells are polygonal isodiametric or elongated and arranged irregularly or parallel to the long axis. The anticlinal walls of the epidermis are thick, straight, arched, or rarely sinuous. The surface of the cuticle shows parallel striations radiating from the guard cells or hair bases. Six types of glandular and eglandular trichomes have been noticed. The mature stomata are anisocytic, paracytic, or anomocytic. The development of anisocytic and paracytic stomata is of the mesogenous or syndetocheilic type. The ontogeny of anomocytic stomata conforms to the perigenous or haplocheilic type. The three types of stomata occur on all the vegetative and floral organs of this plant except the anther wall and the outer epidermis of the carpel. The developmental modes are constant from organ to organ within the same plant.

Observations on Stomata and Hairs on Vegetative and Floral Organs in the Tribe Trifolieae (Family Papilionaceae)

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Shah ◽  
MJ Kothari
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cell ◽  
Arrested Development ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Frequent Type ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Transitional Forms ◽  
Subsidiary Cells

The structure of stomata and hairs and stornatal ontogeny are described in 12 species of the tribe Trifolieae. Stomata may be paracytic, anisocytic, diacytic, haplocytic, and of transitional forms between diacytic and paracytic types. The most frequent types are paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and haplocytic. In any one species the most frequent type varies with the organ, and the pattern throughout the plant is not the same in every species. In general anomocytic stomata are most frequent on both surfaces of leaflets, and paracytic on stems.and petioles. On this basis the members of this tribe seem to have some uniformity. The ontogeny of stomata with subsidiary cells is mesogenous or meso- perigenous, or rarely perigenous. Anomocytic stomata are perigenous. The number of subsidiary cells is increased by (i) wall formation in the subsidiary cells, (ii) neighbouring perigenes assuming the form of subsidiary cells, or (iii) both processes operating in the same stoma simultaneously. Abnormalities such as contiguous stomata, stomata with one guard cell, and arrested development of stomata are occasionally met with. Hairs may be glandular or eglandular ; both types are present in all organs, except in a few cases. Some uniformity in the members of the tribe is also observed in the structure of glandular and eglandular hairs.

A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Isolated Guard Cells

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 454-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dayanandan ◽  
P. B. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Psilotum Nudum ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Welwitschia Mirabilis ◽  
Cycas Revoluta ◽  
Scanning Electron

A three dimensional appreciation of the guard cell morphology coupled with ultrastjuctural studies should lead to a better understanding of their still obscure dynamics of movement. We have found the SEM of great value not only in studies of the surface details of stomata but also in resolving the structures and relationships that exist between the guard and subsidiary cells. We now report the isolation and SEM studies of guard cells from nine genera of plants.Guard cells were isolated from the following plants: Psilotum nudum, four species of Equisetum, Cycas revoluta, Ceratozamia sp., Pinus sylvestris, Ephedra cochuma, Welwitschia mirabilis, Euphorbia tirucalli and Allium cepa.

Minding the Close Relationship

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Harvey ◽  
Julia Omarzu
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationship
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document