Seasonal changes in the phenolic constituents of jack pine seedlings (Pinus banksiana) in relation to the purpling phenomenon

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 2010-2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nozzolillo ◽  
P. Isabelle ◽  
G. Das
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Warm Temperature ◽  
Purple Colour ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Phenolic Constituents

Needles of jack pine seedlings in their 1st and 2nd years of growth in the Kemptville, Ontario, forest tree nursery station were analysed during the summer and fall of 1987 for chemical changes associated with the purpling phenomenon. Anthocyanins, whose presence is responsible for the purple colour, appeared in 1st year needles only after the first frost in early September and increased in amount in both 1st and 2nd year needles throughout October and November. A proanthocyanidin reaction was always present during the summer at variable levels but increased markedly in late fall. Total phenolics showed a gradual increase over the season. Paper chromatograms of crude extracts showed that glucose was the major free sugar and remained at a more or less constant level, whereas free amino acids gradually declined. Soluble proteins increased in late autumn. Total chlorophyll content showed no significant seasonal change. Experiments on 1st year plants showed that nutrient deficiencies resulted in some purpling at normal temperatures that was markedly enhanced by exposure to cold. Depurpling occurred in warm temperature. Plants transplanted from the nursery in early September to a warm greenhouse and exposed to natural light and daylengths did not purple. It is concluded that low temperature is the major factor in purpling and that maintenance of the pigmentation depends on a balance of low temperature enhanced synthesis and warm temperature enhanced degradation.

Anthocyanins of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 796-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance Nozzolillo ◽  
Pierre Isabelle ◽  
Øyvind M Andersen ◽  
Mamdouh Abou-Zaid
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Anthocyanin Pigmentation ◽  
Entire Spectrum ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Anthocyanin Pigments ◽  
Freezing Temperatures

Purpling of the needles of jack pine seedlings in forest tree nurseries in the autumn is a result of the production of at least five anthocyanin pigments: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (~80%), delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (~8%), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (~8%), petunidin 3-O-glucoside (~3%) and malvidin 3-O-glucoside (trace). The twigs subtending the needles also produce a similar range of pigments. The entire spectrum of pigments is produced from the time of the first exposure to freezing temperatures. Proanthocyanidins are a prominent feature of the needle phenolics and the question of their possible involvement in the purpling phenomenon following exposure to sub-zero temperatures is raised. The red colour of the hypocotyl of the newly germinated seedling is also a result of a similar mixture of pigments.Key words: Pinus banksiana, Pinaceae, jack pine seedlings, anthocyanin pigmentation, hypocotyl, proanthocyanidins.

Low-temperature stress and photoperiod affect an increased tolerance to photoinhibition in Pinus banksiana seedlings

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1119-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krol ◽  
G. R. Gray ◽  
N. P. A. Huner ◽  
V. M. Hurry ◽  
G. Öquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Temperature Shift ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Apparent Quantum Yield ◽  
Pine Seedlings

The capacity to develop tolerance to photoinhibition of photosynthesis was assessed in jack pine seedlings (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Photoinhibition induced at 5 °C in control jack pine seedlings grown at 20 °C was saturated above an irradiance of 1000 μmol ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1 but was detectable at an irradiance as low as 25 μmol ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1. However, 20 °C seedlings shifted to 5 °C were 2-fold more tolerant to photoinhibition than 20 °C unshifted control seedlings, as detected by either the light-dependent decrease in photochemical efficiency or the apparent quantum yield of O2 evolution. The extent of this tolerance of photoinhibition was dependent upon time, photoperiod, and irradiance during exposure to the low-temperature shift. Furthermore, the tolerance of photoinhibition was correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in 20 °C grown seedlings shifted to 5 °C. In addition, seedlings shifted to 5 °C and an 8-h photoperiod exhibited a 2-fold higher yield of photosystem II electron transport, which was associated with an increased capacity to keep QA, the first stable quinone electron acceptor of photosystem II, oxidized at high irradiance. This was consistent with a 2-fold higher rate of photosynthesis on a chlorophyll basis. We propose that the combination of light attenuation by anthocyanin in the epidermis and enhanced rates of photosynthesis may, in part, account for the reduced sensitivity of jack pine to photoinhibition at low temperature. Key words: anthocyanin, light attenuation, low temperature, Pinus banksiana Lamb, (jack pine), photosynthesis, photoinhibition, photoperiod.

scholarly journals Height growth of black spruce and jack pine seedlings in flooded flats

1975 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
W. Stanek
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Water Height

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in a green-house on peat-filled flats flooded with nutrient solution or distilled water. None was aerated. However, an O2 concentration gradient existed across the flats, 3.0 – 3.7 ppm along the edges, and 1.4 – 1.9 ppm in the centers. After 4½ months seedlings of both species grew taller with nutrient solution than with distilled water. In flats supplied with nutrient solution, seedlings of both species grew taller along the edges than in the centers, whereas in flats supplied with distilled water height differential did not develop. Jack pine grew taller than black spruce under similar conditions.

L'utilisation du compost de boues de stations d'épuration des eaux comme substrat de culture pour la production des plants forestiers en récipients

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-527
Author(s):  
Patrick Polan ◽  
Jean Gagnon ◽  
J. Peter Jones
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Containerized Seedlings ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Sludge Recycling ◽  
Collar Diameter

The Quebec government has established a program to treat industrial and domestic wastewaters. However, this program does make it necessary to dispose of large quantities of sludge. This sludge can be burned or landfilled but such solutions do not properly draw benefit from the sludge's potential as a fertilizer. There is a considerable interest in composting of the sludge. In this study, compost from the composting plant in Plattsburgh was mixed with the growing substrate normally used for the production of containerized jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings to determine if the compost could be used for the production in containers of forest seedlings. The growth of containerized seedlings produced with proportions by volume of 80% peat moss and 20% vermiculite was compared to the growth of seedlings when the peat moss (80%) was replaced by different proportions of compost (20, 40, 60, and 80%). After one growing season in tunnel, the best growth rates in terms of shoot height, root-collar diameter, and dry biomass were obtained with the control, followed in decreasing order by the treatments compost 20, 40, 60, and 80%. In this experiment, the use of compost from wastewater treatment plants reduced significantly the growth of jack pine and this can be explained mainly by the lack of nitrogen in the tissues of jack pine seedlings. However, the adjustment of nitrogen fertilization and conditions of cultivation by using compost may permit the production of containerized seedlings having the same dimensions as the controls. The seedling growth parameters when 20% compost was incorporated in the substrate were nearly the same as the control seedling. Key words: sludge, recycling, compost, substrate, container, forest seedlings, jack pine.

Pyrimidine metabolism in seeds and seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pitel ◽  
D. J. Durzan
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Orotic Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pyrimidine Metabolism ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Low Levels

Jack pine seedlings rapidly converted radioactive thymine-6-3H to dihydrothymine, β-ureidoisobutyric acid, and β-aminoisobutyric acid. Autoradiographs of hypocotyl cells showed radioactivity largely in the cytoplasm. A small percentage of radioactivity from thymine-2-14C was salvaged via uracil for the synthesis of RNA. DNA was not labelled significantly. The occurrence of a mechanism to utilize thymidine-methyl-3H for DNA synthesis was detected at low levels in germinating seedlings but was absent in seeds up to 16 h imbibition. Among pyrimidines tested thymidine was the most specific for the labelling of DNA and radioactivity was detected almost entirely over nuclei.The occurrence of an active pathway for the de novo synthesis of the pyrimidine portions of nucleic acids was demonstrated by the use of orotic acid-4-14C. Native DNA and all major types of RNA were labelled and radioactivity resided in pyrimidines. Synthesis of DNA involved the conversion of pyrimidine ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides.

scholarly journals Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Sturdiness of Jack Pine Seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Schnurr ◽  
Zong-Ming Cheng ◽  
Arthur A. Boe
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growth Modification

Abstract Seven growth regulators (ancymidol, 6-benzylaminopurine, ethephon, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, and uniconizole) at various concentrations were studied for their effects on sturdiness of greenhouse grown seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), measured by a single parameter, growth modification index. All growth regulators at certain concentrations were effective in reducing plant height but none increased stem caliper. Several growth regulators increased shoot-to-root dry weight ratio. Benzylaminopurine greatly modified growth characteristics and resulted in deformed seedlings. Uniconizole was most promising for producing sturdier seedlings of jack pine.

Effect of sodium fluoride treatments on the mitotic cycle of root-tip cells in jack pine seedlings

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1606-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Zwiazek ◽  
Jennifer M. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Mitotic Cycle ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Accumulation Method ◽  
Root Tip Cells

Fluoride-induced changes in the mitotic cycle were studied in root-tip cells of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings using the metaphase accumulation method. Sodium fluoride treatments resulted in lengthening of the mitotic cycle. This was due to an increase in the duration of interphase. The duration of mitosis and individual mitotic phases was not affected by the treatments.

Contrasting modes of survival by jack and pitch pine at a common range limit

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1662-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S Greenwood ◽  
William H Livingston ◽  
Michael E Day ◽  
Shawn C Kenaley ◽  
Alan S White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
Acadia National Park ◽  
Pinus Rigida ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Dry Conditions

Freezing tolerance, reproductive development, and seed germination of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) were compared in a small sympatric population in Acadia National Park in Maine, at the southern range limit of the former and the northern limit of the latter. Freezing tolerances of vegetative shoots and roots were similar for both species. Both species flower prolifically, and there was no evidence of differences in either pollen viability, cone survival, or proportion of viable seed (65–70% of the total). Regeneration success (established seedlings ranging from 1 to 13 years old) was similar overall for both species, but success by species varied greatly in some years. Jack pine regeneration was significantly associated with thinner soils, while pitch pine regeneration was associated with thicker soils in hollows. Jack pine seed germinated significantly faster than pitch pine seed, especially when day–night temperature was reduced. Pitch pine seedlings always exhibited a significantly higher shoot/root ratio than those of jack pine. The most northerly provenances of jack pine germinated significantly faster than those from the most southerly provenances. Jack pine also germinated at a significantly higher percentage than pitch pine in exposed granite sand. Thus relatively cool, dry conditions may favor establishment of jack pine seedlings, while pitch pine establishment may be favored in warmer, wetter conditions.

Interaction between Diplodia pinea or Diplodia scrobiculata and fungal endophytes isolated from pine shoots

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1819-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Santamaría ◽  
Denise R. Smith ◽  
Glen R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Diplodia Pinea ◽  
Inhibitory Compounds ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Canker Pathogens

Four endophytes isolated from healthy shoots of adult red pine ( Pinus resinosa Aiton) or jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees were tested as potential biocontrol agents of the conifer shoot blight and canker pathogens Diplodia pinea (Desmaz.) J. Kickx fil. and Diplodia scrobiculata J. de Wet, B. Slippers & M.J. Wingfield. The effect of the endophytes on the germination of Diplodia species conidia and on the symptom severity caused by these pathogens on P. banksiana seedlings under greenhouse conditions was evaluated. Aggressiveness of each organism also was determined by means of single inoculations on jack pine seedlings. The results indicated that the endophyte Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst. showed a clear antagonism to Diplodia species. The culture filtrate of this fungus was able to reduce spore germination of D. scrobiculata. Furthermore, it was able to inhibit the D. pinea invasion when both organisms were inoculated in the same seedling. The observed reduction in the symptom severity on jack pine seedlings might be due to parasitism and (or) production of inhibitory compounds. Therefore, T. atroviride might deserve further investigations for its use as biocontrol agent against D. pinea.

Low growth temperature inhibition of photosynthesis in cotyledons of jack pine seedlings (Pinus banksiana) is due to impaired chloroplast development

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1042-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Krol ◽  
Vaughan M Hurry ◽  
Denis P Maxwell ◽  
Lada Malek ◽  
Alexander G Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Final Extent

Cotyledons of jack pine seedlings (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) grown from seeds were expanded at low temperature (5°C), and total Chl content per unit area of cotyledons in these seedlings was only 57% of that observed for cotyledons on 20°C-grown controls. Chl a/b ratio of 5°C-grown jack pine was about 20% lower (2.3 ± 0.1) than 20°C controls (2.8 ± 0.3). Separation of Chl-protein complexes and SDS-PAGE indicated a significant reduction in the major Chl a containing complex of PSI (CP1) and PSII (CPa) relative to LHCII1 in 5°C compared to 20°C-grown seedlings. In addition, LHCII1/LHCII3 ratio increased from 3.8 in control (20°C) to 5.5 in 5°C-grown cotyledons. Ultrastructurally, 5°C-grown cotyledons had chloroplasts with swollen thylakoids as well as etiochloroplasts with distinct prolamellar bodies. Based on CO2-saturated O2 evolution and in vivo Chl a fluorescence, cotyledons of 5°C jack pine exhibited an apparent photosynthetic efficiency that was 40% lower than 20°C controls. Seedlings grown at 5°C were photoinhibited more rapidly at 5°C and 1200 µmol·m–2·s–1 than controls grown at 20°C, although the final extent of photoinhibition was similar. Exposure to high light at 5°C stimulated the xanthophyll cycle in cotyledons of both controls and 5°C-grown seedlings. In contrast to winter cereals, we conclude that growth of jack pine at 5°C impairs normal chloroplast biogenesis, which leads to an inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency.Key words: chloroplast, growth, temperature, photosynthesis, photoinhibition, Pinus banksiana Lamb., ultrastructure.

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