Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. II. Mycorrhizal infection

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1510-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans F. Stroo ◽  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Robert G. Amundson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Highly Correlated

Mycorrhizal infection of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings was measured after 4 months of exposure to simulated acid rain and ozone, applied either alone or in combination. Increasing rain acidity consistently reduced the number of mycorrhizal short roots. In general, infection decreased linearly versus rain pH. Plants exposed to simulated rain at pH 3.0 had approximately 20% fewer mycorrhizal roots than plants exposed to pH 5.6 rain. The decrease in the number of mycorrhizal roots was a result of decreases both in the number of short roots available for infection and in the percentage of roots infected. Ozone had no effect on mycorrhizal infection if applied 3 alternate days/week at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.14 ppm. However, there were significant changes in infection in plants exposed to ozone for 5 days/week. There was no evidence for an interaction between the two pollutants. Percent mycorrhizal infection was highly correlated with seedling nitrogen concentration across all soil types and rain treatments. These observations suggest that increases in available nitrogen may have been largely responsible for the observed effects of acid rain on mycorrhizae.

Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. III. Nutrient relations

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1517-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Hans F. Stroo ◽  
Robert G. Amundson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Zn And Cu In ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Frequent Exposure ◽  
Nutrient Relations ◽  
Mn Concentrations

The effects of acid rain and ozone on nutrient relations of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were assessed for potted seedlings grown in each of five forest soils. Ozone treatments consisted of frequent exposure to 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, or 0.14 ppm ozone, while acid rain treatments consisted of exposure to simulated rain of pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.5, or 3.0. Plants were treated with all combinations of acid rain and ozone levels, and treatments were administered for 4 months. Acid rain caused significant leaching of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, and Cd from leaf litter on the soil surface, and soil Mg and K content declined as well. Concentrations in needles of N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Cd, and Cr were significantly increased as a result of acid rain treatments. In roots, concentrations of N, Mn, Cd, and Cr were significantly elevated as a result of acid rain. Similar increasing but nonsignificant trends were observed for Mg, Zn, and Cu in needles and for P, K, Mg, Ca, and Cu in roots. However, despite the increases in all the major nutrients, the nutrient weight proportions of K:N, P:N, Ca:N, and Mg:N generally declined in pine tissue as a result of acid rain. Although the above relationships were relatively consistent for pine in all soils, significant differences between soils in response to acid rain were observed for some elements. Ozone had significant effects on K, Ca, and Mn concentrations, and interactions between acid rain and ozone were observed for these three elements. In general, the results of these experiments suggest that the effects of acid rain on tree nutrition may be roughly similar in different soils but that the effects on physiology and growth will be heavily influenced by specific soil properties.

Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. I. Net photosynthesis and growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 977-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Hans F. Stroo ◽  
John Troiano ◽  
Robert G. Amundson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Ozone Treatments

Four replicated factorial experiments were conducted to assess the response of potted white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings to combined acid rain, ozone, and soil treatments. The objectives of the study were to quantify plant response to each pollutant alone and to determine whether the pollutants and edaphic factors interact in affecting physiological processes in white pine. In these studies, seedlings were grown in five forest soils and exposed for 4 months to realistic levels of acid rain and ozone. Acid rain treatments consisted of exposure to simulated rain of pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.5, or 3.0, while ozone treatments consisted of exposure to 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, or 0.14 ppm ozone. Minimal interaction between acid rain and ozone was observed with regard to photosynthesis or growth. Acid rain and soil type had a strong interaction in determining plant response. In general, acid rain caused increased growth and net photosynthesis as a result of nitrogen fertilization from the simulated rain. However, the extent of this response was inversely correlated with the availability of nitrogen in each soil. Ozone treatments caused decreased net photosynthesis in pine seedlings.

Influence of simulated acid rain on the flowering dogwood (Cornusflorida) leaf surface

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1058-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Brown ◽  
Mark T. Windham ◽  
Robert L. Anderson ◽  
Robert N. Trigiano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
One Year ◽  
Scanning Electron

Acidic rainfall has the potential to influence anthracnose incidence and severity in flowering dogwood (Cornusflorida L.) of the eastern United States. One-year-old, nursery-grown flowering dogwood seedlings were exposed to 1 cm of simulated rain 10 times over a 42-day period in 1990. Simulated rains were composed of a mixture of salts typical of ambient rainfall in the eastern United States and pH was adjusted to 5.5, 4.5, 3.5, and 2.5 with sulfuric and nitric acids. Samples were cut from the leaf tip, margin, and midvein of rain-treated trees and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Cuticular cracking, desiccation, and erosion of trichome surfaces was observed in response to acid rain treatment. Increased degradation of dogwood trichomes was observed with decreasing pH for all samples. Cuticular erosion due to acid rain has the potential to predispose dogwoods in the eastern United States to anthracnose caused by Disculadestructiva sp.nov. (Red.) and an unnamed Discula sp.

Impact of Simulated Acid Rains on Nitrogenase Activity in Peltigera Aphthosa and P. Polydactyla

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Fritz-Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
North American ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Complete Inhibition ◽  
Simulated Rain

AbstractTwo ubiquitous diazotrophic North American lichens, Peltigera aphthosa and P. polydaclyla, were subjected to simulated acid rain. Both lichens exhibited a 50% reduction in nitrogen fixation at pH 5, 80% reduction at pH 4 and complete inhibition at pH 2. Nitrogen fixation was zero after 20 days exposure to simulated rain at pH 3 and zero after fourdays at pH 2.

Erratum: Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. I. Net photosynthesis and growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-207
Author(s):  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Anna Schoettle ◽  
Hans F. Stroo ◽  
John Troiano ◽  
Robert G. Amundson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
White Pine

Effects of simulated acid rain on needle wettability and rain retention by two Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis) clones

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 694-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Percy ◽  
E. A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Sodium Fluorescein ◽  
Simulated Rain

The effect of simulated rain acidity (pH 2.6, 3.4, 4.2, and 5.6) on wettability and rain retention was investigated for elongating needles on stecklings of two Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis) (Bong.) Carr) clones over an 11-week period. There were highly significant differences in contact angle between pH treatments, clones, and sample dates. Contact angles on needles of both clones exposed at pH ≤ 4.2 were significantly smaller than those on needles exposed at pH 5.6. Needles from both clones exposed to simulated rain at pH ≤ 4.2 retained significantly more simulated rain containing sodium fluorescein. These changes to needle surface properties following realistic exposure to simulated acid rain could have important consequences for processes occurring at the phylloplane, such as ion exchange.

Springtime recovery of photosynthetic activity of white pine in Michigan

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Jurik ◽  
George M. Briggs ◽  
David M. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Highly Correlated

The CO2 exchange of a field-grown eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in Michigan was monitored during the winter–spring periods of 1983 and 1985. Its light-saturated photosynthetic rate in ambient CO2 and temperature was depressed during the winter, but recovered very rapidly during the last week of April in both years. The depressed rates in the winter were not due solely to low air temperatures, since the rates remained low even on warmer days or when the air temperature was artificially increased. Photosynthetic activity was more highly correlated with soil temperature at 30 cm than with air temperature or soil temperature at shallower depths. However, photoperiod or endogenous factors could not be eliminated as potential controls on photosynthetic activity.

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