Short-term effects of a simulated acid rain upon the growth and nutrient relations of Pinus strobus, L.

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Wood ◽  
F.H. Bormann
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nutrient Relations ◽  
Short Term Effects

Effects of potassium deficiency and simulated acid rain, alone and in combination, on the ultrastructure of Scots pine needles

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1402-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toini Holopainen ◽  
Pekka Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Resting Period ◽  
Lipid Structures ◽  
Parenchyma Tissue

The effects of potassium deficiency and artificial acid precipitation, alone and in combination, on Scots pine (Pinussilvestris L.) needles were studied using transmission electron microscopy. The seedling material was grown in quartz sand culture and watered with nutrient solution containing 45, 20, 10, or 5 mg of potassium/L; the concentration of other nutrients was constant and equally available for all seedlings. A portion of the seedlings from each group received consecutive acidified water spraying of pH 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, and 3.0, each for 4 days with a 3-day resting period between applications. The potassium deficiency caused an increase in the proportional vacuolar space and severe vesiculation of the tonoplast. Irregularly shaped lipid structures increased in number in the cytoplasm, and lipid bodies also appeared in the vacuoles and occasionally in the chloroplasts. The symptoms related to potassium deficiency were more severe in the transfusion parenchyma cells than in the mesophyll. The lowest level of potassium produced almost complete disorganization of the cellular structures in the transfusion parenchyma tissue, but severe changes were also seen in the mesophyll. The simulated acid rain treatment caused the formation of protrusions in the chloroplasts and an increase in irregularly shaped lipid structures in the cytoplasm throughout the mesophyll tissue, but no clear symptoms were observed inside the bundle sheath. In general, the changes caused by acid rain in the chloroplasts were slight and did not cause serious disorganization of these organelles. When the seedlings were exposed to combination treatment, the typical symptoms of both exposures were observable. The results suggest that the stresses caused by potassium deficiency and short-term foliar acid rain treatment can be distinguished in the needle ultrastructure.

Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. III. Nutrient relations

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1517-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Hans F. Stroo ◽  
Robert G. Amundson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Zn And Cu In ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Frequent Exposure ◽  
Nutrient Relations ◽  
Mn Concentrations

The effects of acid rain and ozone on nutrient relations of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were assessed for potted seedlings grown in each of five forest soils. Ozone treatments consisted of frequent exposure to 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, or 0.14 ppm ozone, while acid rain treatments consisted of exposure to simulated rain of pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.5, or 3.0. Plants were treated with all combinations of acid rain and ozone levels, and treatments were administered for 4 months. Acid rain caused significant leaching of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, and Cd from leaf litter on the soil surface, and soil Mg and K content declined as well. Concentrations in needles of N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Cd, and Cr were significantly increased as a result of acid rain treatments. In roots, concentrations of N, Mn, Cd, and Cr were significantly elevated as a result of acid rain. Similar increasing but nonsignificant trends were observed for Mg, Zn, and Cu in needles and for P, K, Mg, Ca, and Cu in roots. However, despite the increases in all the major nutrients, the nutrient weight proportions of K:N, P:N, Ca:N, and Mg:N generally declined in pine tissue as a result of acid rain. Although the above relationships were relatively consistent for pine in all soils, significant differences between soils in response to acid rain were observed for some elements. Ozone had significant effects on K, Ca, and Mn concentrations, and interactions between acid rain and ozone were observed for these three elements. In general, the results of these experiments suggest that the effects of acid rain on tree nutrition may be roughly similar in different soils but that the effects on physiology and growth will be heavily influenced by specific soil properties.

Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. II. Mycorrhizal infection

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1510-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans F. Stroo ◽  
Peter B. Reich ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Robert G. Amundson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Highly Correlated

Mycorrhizal infection of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings was measured after 4 months of exposure to simulated acid rain and ozone, applied either alone or in combination. Increasing rain acidity consistently reduced the number of mycorrhizal short roots. In general, infection decreased linearly versus rain pH. Plants exposed to simulated rain at pH 3.0 had approximately 20% fewer mycorrhizal roots than plants exposed to pH 5.6 rain. The decrease in the number of mycorrhizal roots was a result of decreases both in the number of short roots available for infection and in the percentage of roots infected. Ozone had no effect on mycorrhizal infection if applied 3 alternate days/week at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.14 ppm. However, there were significant changes in infection in plants exposed to ozone for 5 days/week. There was no evidence for an interaction between the two pollutants. Percent mycorrhizal infection was highly correlated with seedling nitrogen concentration across all soil types and rain treatments. These observations suggest that increases in available nitrogen may have been largely responsible for the observed effects of acid rain on mycorrhizae.

Short-term response of soil respiration to simulated acid rain in Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei plantations

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1239-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Zheng ◽  
Renshan Li ◽  
Qingpeng Yang ◽  
Weidong Zhang ◽  
Ke Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Response
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