Seasonality of forest soil microfungi in southern Quebec

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1413-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Widden
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Paecilomyces Fumosoroseus ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
Penicillium Purpurogenum ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Gliomastix Murorum ◽  
Seasonal Extremes

Data on microfungi isolated from the soils of four forests in southern Quebec were analysed, to detect seasonal changes in the community. Two-way analysis of variance showed that significant changes occurred for individual species, both between sites and sample times, and that significant season–site interactions occurred. Discriminant analysis showed that at all sites, there was a tendency for the community to shift towards a characteristic winter community during the colder periods of the year. Geomyces pannorus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Pae. marquandii, Penicillium purpurogenum, Trichoderma koningii, T. polysporum, Botryotrichum piluliferum, Chrysosporum verrucosum, and Exophiala sp. LP111 were associated with samples from the colder months, in one or more of the sites. Sterile fungi, Fusarium solani, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, Pen. thomii, and Staphyotrichum coccosporum tended to be associated with the warmer months. There was also a tendency for samples from the seasonal "extremes" (warm dry summer samples and cold winter samples) to show some similarities. It is suggested that this trend may exist because fungi abundant during relatively unfavorable times of the year are not good competitors and therefore should be considered as "survivors." In this study, Exophiala sp. LP111, Gliomastix murorum, Paecilomyces carneus, T. viride, and Trichoderma sp. LP58 may fall into this category.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Spatial Resolution, Viewing Angle, and Spectral Vegetation Indices on the Quantification of Woody Mediterranean Species Seasonality Using Remote Sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1958
Author(s):  
Shelly Elbaz ◽  
Efrat Sheffer ◽  
Itamar M. Lensky ◽  
Noam Levin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Pixel Size ◽  
Mediterranean Species ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Nadir Point

Discriminating between woody plant species using a single image is not straightforward due to similarity in their spectral signatures, and limitations in the spatial resolution of many sensors. Seasonal changes in vegetation indices can potentially improve vegetation mapping; however, for mapping at the individual species level, very high spatial resolution is needed. In this study we examined the ability of the Israel/French satellite of VENμS and other sensors with higher spatial resolutions, for identifying woody Mediterranean species, based on the seasonal patterns of vegetation indices (VIs). For the study area, we chose a site with natural and highly heterogeneous vegetation in the Judean Mountains (Israel), which well represents the Mediterranean maquis vegetation of the region. We used three sensors from which the indices were derived: a consumer-grade ground-based camera (weekly images at VIS-NIR; six VIs; 547 individual plants), UAV imagery (11 images, five bands, seven VIs) resampled to 14, 30, 125, and 500 cm to simulate the spatial resolutions available from some satellites, and VENμS Level 1 product (with a nominal spatial resolution of 5.3 m at nadir; seven VIs; 1551 individual plants). The various sensors described seasonal changes in the species’ VIs at different levels of success. Strong correlations between the near-surface sensors for a given VI and species mostly persisted for all spatial resolutions ≤125 cm. The UAV ExG index presented high correlations with the ground camera data in most species (pixel size ≤125 cm; 9 of 12 species with R ≥ 0.85; p < 0.001), and high classification accuracies (pixel size ≤30 cm; 8 species with >70%), demonstrating the possibility for detailed species mapping from space. The seasonal dynamics of the species obtained from VENμS demonstrated the dominant role of ephemeral herbaceous vegetation on the signal recorded by the sensor. The low variance between the species as observed from VENμS may be explained by its coarse spatial resolution (effective ground spatial resolution of 7.5) and its non-nadir viewing angle (29.7°) over the study area. However, considering the challenging characteristics of the research site, it may be that using a VENμS type sensor (with a spatial resolution of ~1 m) from a nadir point of view and in more homogeneous and dense areas would allow for detailed mapping of Mediterranean species based on their seasonality.

The leaf area of an Australian heathland with reference to seasonal changes and the contribution of individual species

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Total Community ◽  
Community Area ◽  
Community Growth

The leaf area of an Australian heathland was determined on harvested material for a series of monthly harvests over 2 years. The leaf area index (LAI) varied from 1 .8 to 3.2. Seasonal growth flushes accounted for the high values, while leaf fall induced by water stress restored the equilibrium to approximately 2.0. The dominant shrub, Leptospermum myrsinoides, contributed 53.5% of the total leaf area, and this species alone caused the seasonal fluctuations in community area. Only three other species contributed more than 5 % to the total. Community growth was characterized by the behaviour of L. myrsinoides. Detailed analyses of this species showed the need for seasonal measurements to fully describe the LAI of evergreen communities.

Seasonal Changes in Sugar and Amino Acid Preference in Red Wood Ants of The Formica rufa Group

Sociobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Natalia E.L. Madsen ◽  
Joachim Offenberg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Formica Rufa ◽  
Red Wood Ants ◽  
Wood Ants ◽  
Formica Rufa Group ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship

Red wood ants of the Formica rufa group are important ecosystem engineers throughout the Northern Hemisphere with potential to be commercially produced and used as predatory agents in biological control programs. However, in order to do that, their mutualistic relationship with aphids needs to be disrupted. This may be achieved by developing artificial sugar-based solutions with a composition that makes them more attractive than aphid honeydew. The present field study investigated Formica rufa’s preference for several sugar and amino acid sources, as well as potential seasonal changes in these preferences. Red wood ants consistently preferred sucrose to monosaccharides and were most attracted to solutions containing an amino acid source, albeit seasonal differences were observed with regard to which amino acid sources were most preferred. Recruitment to offered sugar solutions was highest during July, when colony requirements were high, and during October, when alternative food sources were scarce. Since ant preference for sugar solution constituents seems to be species-specific and show seasonal dynamics, artificial food aimed at disrupting ant-aphid mutualisms should be tailored to individual species and seasons.

scholarly journals Heat island intensities over Brihan Mumbai on a cold winter and hot summer night

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-708
Author(s):  
SHRAVAN KUMAR ◽  
THAKUR PRASAD ◽  
N. V. SASHIDHARAN ◽  
SUSHMA K. NAIR
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Railway Tracks ◽  
Coastal Boundary ◽  
The City

A mobile temperature survey of Brihan Mumbai (Greater Bombay) was undertaken on 16 January 1997 which incidentally turned out to be the coldest winter night. Heat islands were found well inside the city, away from the coastal boundary, within a distinct tongue of warm air splitting in three branches roughly along the three sub- urban railway tracks. The finding of the study were in sharp contrast with similar studies conducted during the early seventies by Daniel and Krishnamurthy (1973) and later by Mukherjee and Daniel (1976). They found a remarkable influence of sea on the horizontal temperature distribution in comparison to other factors of urbanisation and noticed the heat island over Malabar Hill, Girgaurn and Cuffe Parade area. The survey conducted after a span of twenty-two years, showed that the temperature distribution in the city and suburbs has been modified significantly and that the effect of urbanisation has overtaken the effect of maritime influence in the formation and maintenance of heat islands. Another mobile temperature survey was conducted during the early hours of 11 May 1997 on the same lines as survey conducted on 16 January 1997, to confirm the findings of earlier survey and to assess seasonal changes in the intensities of heat island. This later survey showed similar pattern of horizontal temperature distribution, though the intensity of heat island observed was only 5.5° C as compared to 11.8° C observed during winter.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Inokulasi Trichoderma sp dan Varietas Bawang Merah Terhadap Penyakit Moler dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L).

Kultivasi ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deden Deden ◽  
Uum Umiyati
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Trichoderma Sp

Bawang  merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura unggulan yang sejak lama telah diusahakan oleh petani secara intensif, khusunya petani di wilayah Cirebon. Salah satu penyakit yang sering dijumpai pada tanaman bawang merah adalah penyakit moler. Saat ini pengendalian penyakit Moler masih bertumpu pada penggunaan kimia (Fungisida). Salah satu agen hayati yang sudah terbukti berperan ampuh sebagai pengendali hayati yaitu Trichoderma sp.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh dan interaksi antara Trichoderma sp dan varietas bawang merah terhadap pengendalian penyakit moler dan hasil tanaman bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L), (2) Untuk mengetahui jenis dan dosis Trichoderma sp dan varietas yang paling baik mengendalikan penyakit moler dan dapat meningkatkan tanaman bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L), (3) Untuk mengetahui korelasi terhadap komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.). Sedangkan target luaran yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Memberikan tambahan iptek bagi masyarakat petani bawang merah di Kabupaten Cirebon, khususnya dalam mengatasi penyakit Moler, (2) Meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman bawang merah sebagai upaya peningkatan pendapatan petani di Kabupaten Cirebon, (3) Publikasi ilmiah pada jurnal ilmiah, baik jurnal lokal maupun nasional yang terakreditasi (Jurnal Ilmiah Agrijati (Fakultas Pertanian) dan Logika (Universitas), dan (4) Pengayaan ilmu bahan ajar.Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Playangan, Kecamatan Gebang, Kabupaten Cirebon - Jawa Barat. Waktu penelitian dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan, yaitu bulan Juni sampai dengan bulan Agustus 2016. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial. Perlakuan terdiri dari dua faktor yang diulang tiga kali. Faktor pertama adalah Trichoderma (T) 4 perlakuan yaitu, T1 = Tanpa Aplikasi Trichoderma, T2 = Aplikasi Trichoderma harzianum 5 ml/liter, T3 = Aplikasi Trichoderma koningii 5 ml/liter, T4 = Aplikasi Trichoderma harzianum 2,5 ml/liter dan Trichoderma koningii 2,5 ml/liter. Sedangkan faktor yang kedua adalah varietas bawang merah (V) yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan (V) yaitu V1 = Varietas Bima, V2 = Varietas Ilokos, V3 = Varietas Sumenep. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang tiga kali sehingga jumlah petak dalam penelitian sebanyak 4 x 3 x 3 = 36 petak.Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya pengaruh interaksi yang nyata antara Trichoderma dan varietas bawang merah terhadap parameter rata-rata jumlah daun 6 MST, dan bobot umbi kering per petak. Terdapat efek mandiri dari perlakuan Trichoderma terhadap rata-rata tinggi tanaman 4 dan 5 MST, jumlah daun 5 MST, biomassa tanaman 5 dan 6 MST, dan bobot umbi kering per rumpun, serta efek mandiri varietas bawang merah pada rata-rata tinggi tanaman 4, 5 ,6 MST, jumlah daun 4 dan 5 MST, jumlah anakan per rumpun, dan bobot umbi kering per rumpun. Perlakuan V1 (Varietas Bima) dengan T3 (T. koningii 5 ml/liter) berinteraksi nyata menghasilkan bobot umbi kering rata-rata 5,35 kg per petak, atau setara 9,07 ton/ha Interaksi terbaik ditunjukan dari hasil perlakuan V2 (Varietas Ilokos) dan T3 (T. koningii 5 ml/liter), menghasilkan bobot umbi kering rata-rata mencapai 5,42 kg per petak. atau setara 10,18 ton/ha. Terdapat korelasi yang nyata antara komponen pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman umur 4 MST dan jumlah daun umur 5 dan 6 MST terhadap hasil bobot umbi kering per petak.Kata kunci : Bawang Merah, Trichoderma sp, Penyakit Moler.

scholarly journals Biocontrol agents and resistance inducers reduce Phytophthora crown rot (Phytophthora capsici) of sweet pepper in closed soilless culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-163
Author(s):  
Giovanna GILARDI ◽  
Athina VASILEIADOU ◽  
Angelo GARIBALDI ◽  
Maria Lodovica GULLINO
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Soilless Culture ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Resistance Inducers

Twelve trials, in closed soilless culture under controlled conditions, were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of resistance inducers (based on K-phosphite and K-silicate used alone or in combination), and of experimental biocontrol agents (Trichoderma sp. TW2, a mixture of Pseudomonas FC 7B, FC 8B, and FC 9B, Fusarium solani FUS25, Pseudomonas sp. PB26), and a commercial formulation of Trichoderma gamsii + T. asperellum, against diseases caused by Phytophthora capsici of sweet pepper. The products were applied using three different protocols, and effects on incidence of Phytophthora crown, stem and root rots (% dead plants), disease development (area under the disease progress curve; AUDPC), and plant fresh weights were evaluated. Potassium phosphite, applied directly at standard P2O5:K2O, 1.30 + 1.05 g L-1) and at half standard rates, onto growing media, or via nutrient solution, and before infestation of peat plant growing medium with P. capsici, provided the best disease management in a dose-dependent manner, with an 80% reduction of Phytophthora crown, stem and root rots for the standard dosage and for both types of application. These treatments also reduced proportions of dead plants by 47% from the standard rate and by 62% at the half standard rate, when applied via the nutrient solution or directly to the substrate. K-silicate alone partially reduced the percentage of dead plants, with efficacy of 20–23%. No improvement in disease control was observed when K-silicate was applied in combination with phosphite, while K-silicate alone or combined with K-phosphite reduced disease development, compared to untreated controls. Biocontrol agents (BCAs), applied preventively, reduced Phytophthora crown, stem and root rots, with similar or better results than those from the commercial mixture of Trichoderma asperellum + T. gamsii. Among the tested BCAs, Fusarium solani FUS25 provided the most consistent disease reduction (60–65%) and gave increased plant fresh weights. All the tested BCAs reduced disease development, with a similar trend for different disease pressures. The least AUDPC values, compared to the non-treated controls, were from Fusarium solani FUS25, followed by the tested Pseudomonas strains and Trichoderma sp. TW2. These results indicate the potential for potassium phosphite and biocontrol agents in management of Phytophthora crown, stem and root rots of pepper grown in soilless systems.

scholarly journals Beneficial Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Trichoderma on Diseased Shallot

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Chaieydha Noer Afiefah ◽  
Suryanti Suryanti ◽  
Tri Joko ◽  
Susamto Somowiyarjo
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Basal Rot ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Fusarium Basal Rot ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Purple blotch and fusarium basal rot are important shallot diseases which have caused significant yield loss. An alternative control method for these diseases is the use of biocontrol agents, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of AMF and Trichoderma sp. on shallot growth and disease suppression. The experiment was set as a Complete Randomized Block Design with three treatments and three replications. The treatments were AMF, Trichoderma sp., and control. Each treatment was applied to a row and 15 shallot plants were taken as samples for observation. Disease severity of purple blotch and fusarium basal rot, plant height, number of leaves and shallot resistances to Fusarium solani were observed during this study. Results demonstrated that at seven weeks after planting, the application of AMF and Trichoderma sp. tended to suppress fusarium basal rot to 0.89% and 1.78% respectively, but only the application of AMF that suppressed purple blotch disease to 0.44%. The application of AMF and Trichoderma sp. also tended to increase plant height, number of leaves, leaf fresh weight and dry weight, root length, and bulb weight. In addition, AMF and Trichoderma sp. application increased shallot resistances against Fusarium solani. 

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes of Membrane Lipids in Apple Shoots

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiow Y. Wang ◽  
Miklos Faust
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
Free Sterols ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Monogalactosyl Diglyceride ◽  
Composition Changes

Composition changes in galactolipids, phospholipids, and sterols in apple shoots (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Delicious) from August to April were determined. The predominant fatty acids in the membrane lipids of apple shoots were palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3). The major galactolipid components in apple shoots were monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG). The amount of MGDG and DGDG increased from autumn to spring. Galactolipids contained highly unsaturated fatty adds, mainly linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acid. The major individual phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethaeolamine (PE). β -Sitosterol and sitosteryl ester were the predominant sterols. The phloem contained higher amounts of galactolipids, phospholipids, and sterols than did the xylem tissue. There was a significant increase in the content of galactolipids and phospholipids and onsaturation of their fatty acids during cold acclimation. A decrease in the ratio of free sterols to phospholipids also occurred in apple shoots toward cold winter months. Composition changes in galactolipids, phospholipids, and sterols that were associated with growth cessation, defoliation and cold acclimation from fall to winter, were mostly reversed following deacclimation in spring.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other biocontrol agents in the control of root rot infection in cotton

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamama Shamim ◽  
Nuzhat Ahmad ◽  
Atta Rahman ◽  
S. Ehteshmul-Haque ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Trichoderma Koningii ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Combined Use

Seed dressing with <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Trichoderma koningii</em> significantly (p<0,05) reduced infection of <em>Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani</em> and <em>Fusarium solani</em> on cotton roots in pot experiments and in field. Combined use of P.aeruginosa strain CMG63 with <em>T.koningii</em> produced greater plant height and fresh weight of shoot in field as compared to CMG52 which showed better results in pot experiments.

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