Karyotypes of Leptarrhena and Tanakaea (Saxifragaceae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Soltis
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Conservative Nature ◽  
Chromosomal Data ◽  
Base Chromosome Number ◽  
Flavonoid Chemistry

In an attempt to clarify subtribal relationships in tribe Saxifrageae, chromosome numbers and karyotypes were determined for the two species comprising subtribe Leptarrheninae: Leptarrhena pyrolifolia and Tanakaea radicans. In both species 2n = 14, a common chromosome number throughout Saxifrageae. The two species have distinctive karyotypes that appear to differ in the centromeric positions of three pairs of chromosomes. These findings, in conjunction with earlier studies, demonstrate that genera of Saxifrageae often differ karyotypically. Leptarrhena exhibits considerable karyotypic similarity to genera of subtribe Saxifraginae characterized by a base chromosome number of x = 7. Chromosomal data, therefore, do not clearly differentiate subtribes Saxifraginae and Leptarrheninae. This observation is in agreement with evidence from paly-nology and flavonoid chemistry. Karyotypic studies continue to demonstrate the conservative nature of chromosomal evolution in tribe Saxifrageae.

scholarly journals Linking karyotypes with DNA barcodes: proposal for a new standard in chromosomal analysis with an example based on the study of Neotropical Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Lukhtanov ◽  
Yaroslavna Iashenkova
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Chromosomal Data

Chromosomal data are important for taxonomists, cytogeneticists and evolutionary biologists; however, the value of these data decreases sharply if they are obtained for individuals with inaccurate species identification or unclear species identity. To avoid this problem, here we suggest linking each karyotyped sample with its DNA barcode, photograph and precise geographic data, providing an opportunity for unambiguous identification of described taxa and for delimitation of undescribed species. Using this approach, we present new data on chromosome number diversity in neotropical butterflies of the subfamily Biblidinae (genus Vila Kirby, 1871) and the tribe Ithomiini (genera Oleria Hübner, 1816, Ithomia Hübner, 1816, Godyris Boisduval, 1870, Hypothyris Hübner, 1821, Napeogenes Bates, 1862, Pseudoscada Godman et Salvin, 1879 and Hyposcada Godman et Salvin, 1879). Combining new and previously published data we show that the species complex Oleria onega (Hewitson, [1852]) includes three discrete chromosomal clusters (with haploid chromosome numbers n = 15, n = 22 and n = 30) and at least four DNA barcode clusters. Then we discuss how the incomplete connection between these chromosomal and molecular data (karyotypes and DNA barcodes were obtained for different sets of individuals) complicates the taxonomic interpretation of the discovered clusters.

Chromosome Number Variation in the Myrtaceae and Its Taxonomic Implications

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Rye
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
The Family ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Chromosome Number Variation ◽  
Australian Flora ◽  
Base Chromosome Number ◽  
Western Australian

New chromosome number determinations are reported for some 150 Western Australian species of the Myrtaceae. These include the lowest number (n = 5) so far recorded in the family and several newly recorded descending dysploid series. Dysploid chromosome numbers are far less common than the base chromosome number of n = 11 but parallel dysploid series have occurred in many groups and some have played a role in the origin of genera. Polyploidy has been successful at the intraspecific and interspecific levels but is of limited evolutionary potential. The cytoevolutionary trends in the Myrtaceae are examined in relation to taxonomic problems within the family and in relation to cytoevolution in the woody Australian flora as a whole. Smith- White's suggestion that a more natural generic classification in the Chamelauciinae could be obtained by grouping species with the same base chromosome numbers is found to be untenable.

Flavonoid chemistry and chromosome numbers of Fallopia section Pleuropterus (Polygonaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 1136-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Ha Kim ◽  
Jin Hee Park ◽  
Hyosig Won ◽  
Chong-Wook Park
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Polygonum Multiflorum ◽  
Flavonoid Compounds ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Flavonoid Chemistry

Flavonoid chemistry and chromosome numbers of Fallopia sect. Pleuropterus were examined to gain insights into the relationships among the taxa within the section. Twenty-seven flavonoid compounds were isolated and identified from taxa of section Pleuropterus; most of them were glycosylated derivatives of the flavonols kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, and of the flavones apigenin and luteolin. The flavonoid data appear to be useful for taxon delimitation, because all taxa examined are readily distinguished by their flavonoid profiles. In addition, the flavonoid data revealed the presence of two chemical entities in the section; the first group includes Fallopia multiflora (Thunb. ex Murray) Haraldson (with varieties) and Fallopia ciliinervis (Nakai) Hammer and the second group includes Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub and Fallopia koreana Oh & Kim. These groupings suggested by the flavonoid chemistry are well-corroborated by the chromosome number of these taxa. Taxa of the first group have chromosome numbers based on x = 11 (2n = 22, 44), whereas chromosome numbers of the second group are based on x = 10 (2n = 20). Our counts for F. multiflora var. hypoleuca (Nakai ex Ohwi) Yonekura & H. Ohashi (2n = 44), Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. ex Murray (= F. multiflora) var. angulatum S.Y. Liu (2n = 22), F. ciliinervis (2n = 22), and F. koreana (2n = 20) are the first reports for these taxa. Based on these results, and in conjunction with morphological evidence, it is strongly suggested that the two groups of section Pleuropterus revealed by this study are not closely allied and may represent separate lineages in the genus Fallopia.Key words: Polygonaceae, Fallopia sect. Pleuropterus, flavonoids, chromosome number, chemotaxonomy.

Phylogenetics and chromosomal evolution in the Poaceae (grasses)

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khidir W. Hilu
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Basic Chromosome Number ◽  
Basic Chromosome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family

The wide range in basic chromosome number (x = 2–18) and prevalence of polyploidy and hybridisation have resulted in contrasting views on chromosomal evolution in Poaceae. This study uses information on grass chromosome number and a consensus phylogeny to determine patterns of chromosomal evolution in the family. A chromosomal parsimony hypothesis is proposed that underscores (1) the evolution of the Joinvilleaceae/Ecdeiocoleaceae/Poaceae lineage from Restionaceae ancestors with x = 9, (2) aneuploid origin of x�=�11 in Ecdeiocoleaceae and Poaceae (Streptochaeta, Anomochlooideae), (3) reduction to x = 9, followed by chromosome doubling within Anomochlooideae to generate the x = 18 in Anomochloa, and (4) aneuploid increase from the ancestral x = 11 to x = 12 in Pharoideae and Puelioideae, and further diversification in remaining taxa (Fig. 3b). Higher basic chromosome numbers are maintained in basal taxa of all grass subfamilies, whereas smaller numbers are found in terminal species. This finding refutes the 'secondary polyploidy hypothesis', but partially supports the 'reduction hypothesis' previously proposed for chromosomal evolution in the Poaceae.

scholarly journals Cytogenetics, Ploidy, and Genome Sizes of Camellia and Related Genera

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1124-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Hembree ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Mark Weathington
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Base Chromosome Number

Camellia L., the most speciose member of the diverse tea family Theaceae, has a long and complex horticultural history. Extensive cultivation and hybridization have produced thousands of varieties of Camellia, including commercially important crops such as cultivated tea, oilseed, and iconic flowering shrubs. Cytogenetics of Camellia and related genera is complicated; chromosome number and ploidy can vary widely between species, and interspecific and interploid hybridization occurs. However, specific information regarding cytogenetics of many species, cultivars, and modern hybrids is lacking. The objectives of this study were to compile a consolidated literature review of the cytogenetics of Camellia and related genera and to determine chromosome numbers, ploidy, and genome sizes of specific accessions of selected species, cultivars, and interspecific and interploid hybrids. A review of the existing literature regarding Theaceae cytogenetics is presented as a consolidated reference comprising 362 taxa. Genome sizes were determined with flow cytometry using propidium iodide as a fluorochrome and Pisum sativum ‘Ctirad' and Magnolia virginiana ‘Jim Wilson’ as internal standards. Chromosome numbers of selected taxa were determined using traditional cytology and were used to calibrate genome sizes with ploidy level. Our results confirmed a base chromosome number of x = 15 for Theeae including Camellia, x = 17 for Stewartiae, and x = 18 for Gordoniae. Surveyed camellias ranged from 2n = 2x = 30 to 2n = 8x = 120, including diploids, triploids, tetraploids, pentaploids, hexaploids, and octoploids. Previously uncharacterized taxa such as Camellia azalea, C. amplexicaulis, C. chrysanthoides, C. cordifolia, C. cucphuongensis, C. flava, C. nanyongensis, and C. trichoclada were found to be diploid. Ploidy was also newly determined for Schima argentea, S. khasiana, S. remotiserrata, and S. sinensis (all diploids). Both diploid and triploid Stewartia ovata were found, and a ploidy series was discovered for Polyspora that ranged from diploid to octoploid. Ploidy determinations were used to confirm or challenge the validity of putative interploid hybrids. Monoploid genome sizes varied among subfamily and genera, with 1Cx values ranging from 0.80 pg for Franklinia to a mean of 3.13 pg for Camellia, demonstrating differential rates of genome expansion independent of ploidy. Within Camellia, monoploid genome sizes varied among subgenera, sections, and some species (range, 2.70–3.55 pg). This study provides a consolidated and expanded knowledgebase of ploidy, genome sizes, hybridity, and reproductive pathways for specific accessions of Camellia and related genera that will enhance opportunities and strategies for future breeding and improvement within Theaceae.

The Relationship Between Dysploidy and Reproductive Capacity in Myrtaceae

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Rye ◽  
SH James
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Selection Systems ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Base Chromosome Number ◽  
The Relationship

Australian Myrtaceae show a positive correlation between base chromosome number and reproductive capacity. There is some evidence of a similar trend in other Australian plant families. Reduced chromosome numbers in the Myrtaceae arose in lineages with critically reduced reproductive capacities, occurring mainly in small shrub species with four or fewer ovules per flower and one seed per fruit or per fruit loculus. Dysploid reduction serves the short-term advantage of ensuring greater genetic uniformity through reduced recombination, therefore resulting in less seed wastage. However, lineages with reduced chromosome numbers (x=5-10) have reduced evolutionary flexibility, as evidenced by their failure to fully penetrate the arid zones, in contrast to the species with the primitive chromosome number or above (x=11 or 12). Trends for decreased ovule and seed numbers have apparently resulted partly from the selection for larger seed size. Among species with more than one ovule per flower but normally only one seed per fruit, there is evidence of physiological and genetic selection systems determining which of the fertilised ovules becomes the seed.

Chromosome numbers and the taxonomy of North American Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Canne
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
North American ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Base Chromosome Number ◽  
First Time

Chromosome counts are provided for 25 populations representing 18 species of Agalinis Raf. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time for A. pinetorum, A. laxa, A. acuta, A. gattingeri, and A. skinneriana. The base chromosome number for section Linifoliae, section Heterophyllae, section Purpureae subsections Purpureae and Setaceae, and section Tenuifoliae is established at x = 14. Section Erectae and section Purpureae subsection Pedunculares have a base number of x = 13.

scholarly journals Genome Size and Chromosome Number Evolution in Korean Iris L. Species (Iridaceae Juss.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bokyung Choi ◽  
Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss ◽  
Eva M. Temsch ◽  
Soonku So ◽  
Hyeon-Ho Myeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetic ◽  
Chromosome Number Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

Chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and genome sizes of 14 Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) species in Korea and their closely related taxon, Sisyrinchium rosulatum, are presented and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework. To date, understanding the chromosomal evolution of Korean irises has been hampered by their high chromosome numbers. Here, we report analyses of chromosome numbers and karyotypes obtained via classic Feulgen staining and genome sizes measured using flow cytometry in Korean irises. More than a two-fold variation in chromosome numbers (2n = 22 to 2n = 50) and over a three-fold genome size variation (2.39 pg to 7.86 pg/1 C) suggest the putative polyploid and/or dysploid origin of some taxa. Our study demonstrates that the patterns of genome size variation and chromosome number changes in Korean irises do not correlate with the phylogenetic relationships and could have been affected by different evolutionary processes involving polyploidy or dysploidy. This study presents the first comprehensive chromosomal and genome size data for Korean Iris species. Further studies involving molecular cytogenetic and phylogenomic analyses are needed to interpret the mechanisms involved in the origin of chromosomal variation in the Iris.

scholarly journals Estudios cromosómicos en Lycium (Solanaceae) de Norteamérica

2017 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Fernando Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Pollen Mother Cell ◽  
North American ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Mitotic Chromosome ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
The World ◽  
Base Chromosome Number

The results of chromosomal studies reported for species of Lycium of the world are presented. Meiotic chromosome numbers were determined from pollen mother-cell squashes of North American taxa of Lycium. In a single case, a mitotic chromosome number was determined from the radicle of a germinating seed. The taxa studied were: L. andersonii Gray var. andersonii, L. andersonii var. deserticola (C. L. Hitchc.) Jepson, L. andersonii var. pubescens S. Wats., L. andersonii var. wrightii A. Gray, L. berlandieri Dun. var. berlandieri, L. berlandieri var. parviflorum (Gray) Terrac., L. berlandieri var. peninsulare ( Brandeg.) C. L. Hitchc., L. brevipes Benth. var. brevipes, L. californicum Nutt. ex Gray var. californicum, L. californicum var. Arizonicum A. Gray, L. cal.ifornicum var. interior Chiang, L. carolinianum var. Quadrifidum ( Moc. & Sessé ex Dun. ) C. L. Hitchc., L. cooperi A. Gray, L. macrodon A. Gray var. macrodon, L. nodosum var. isthmense ( Chiang) Chiang, L. pallidum Miers var. pallidum, L. parishii A. Gray var. parishii, L. parishii var. modest1tm ( I. M. Johnst.) Chiang, L. puberulum var. berberidoides ( Correll) Chiang, and L. torreyi A. Gray. Chromosome numbers of n = 12, 24, 48, 60, and 2n = 24 were found. It is concluded rhat x = 12 is the base chromosome number for Lycium. The origin of n = 18, previously reported, is discussed.

Chromosome studies in species of Eugenia, Myrciaria and Plinia (Myrtaceae) from south-eastern Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itayguara Ribeiro da Costa ◽  
Eliana Regina Forni-Martins
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
Eastern Brazil

The chromosome numbers of Brazilian species of Myrtaceae were reassessed in the context of chromosomal evolution in fleshy-fruited Myrteae. The chromosome numbers of 14 species of Eugenia, three of Myrciaria and two of Plinia were determined, 14 of which had not been published before. In Eugenia, a diploid state (2n = 22) was found in nine species, polyploid (2n = 33 or 2n = 44) in three species, and both diploid and polyploid cytotypes in another three species. The percentage of Eugenia species with a known chromosome number increased from 19 to 31 species, 22.6% of which were polyploid (3 triploid, 1 tetraploid and 3 hexaploid) and a further 16.1% either dysploid from the triploid level or had both diploid and polyploid races, giving a total of 38.7% in which polyploidy is recorded. In Myrciaria (3 species) and Plinia (2 species), the chromosome number was 2n = 22, with no polyploidy known in these genera. The results reinforce the previous indications that polyploidy is of great importance in the evolution of fleshy-fruited Myrteae.

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