The effect of aerial insecticide spraying for spruce budworm control on the fecundity of entomophilous plants in New Brunswick

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (18) ◽  
pp. 2022-2027 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Thaler ◽  
R. C. Plowright
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Kalmia Angustifolia ◽  
Cornus Canadensis ◽  
Cornus Stolonifera ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Maianthemum Canadense

Eight entomophilous plants, Aralia nudicaulis L., Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf., Cornus alternifolia L., Cornus canadensis L., Cornus stolonifera Michx., Kalmia angustifolia L., Maianthemum canadense Desf., and Viburnum trilobum Marsh., all of which bloom shortly after forest spray application in New Brunswick, were shown by bagging experiments to be dependent on insect visitation for seed set. All species showed significantly lower fecundity in fenitrothion-treated than in unsprayed areas. No depression of fecundity in Clintonia borealis or Kalmia angustifolia was found associated with aminocarb (Matacil) spraying.

EFFECTS OF A SPLIT APPLICATION OF SEVIN-4-OIL® ON POLLINATORS AND FRUIT SET IN A SPRUCE–FIR FOREST

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464
Author(s):  
Richard W. Hansen ◽  
Eben A. Osgood
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Cornus Canadensis ◽  
Native Bee ◽  
Maianthemum Canadense ◽  
Pollinator Populations

AbstractCounts of four pollinating insect groups were taken in unsprayed forest localities and in areas sprayed with a split application of Sevin-4-oil® (carbaryl) for spruce budworm control. Results indicate a reduction of pollinator populations due to spraying.Fruit set, measured by fecundity ratios (fruits/flower), was determined for Cornus canadensis L., Maianthemum canadense Desf., Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf., and Viburnum cassinoides L. in sprayed and unsprayed areas. Fecundity values for C. canadensis and M. canadense were significantly lower in sprayed than in unsprayed areas. Fruit set of C. borealis was apparently unaffected by carbaryl spraying, but the seed/flower ratio was significantly reduced in the sprayed area. V. cassinoides fecundity values were unaffected by carbaryl application. Reductions in native bee populations probably had the greatest impact on fruit set.

Matacil insecticide spraying, pollinator mortality, and plant fecundity in New Brunswick forests

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2056-2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Thomson ◽  
R. C. Plowright ◽  
G. R. Thaler
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cornus Canadensis ◽  
Cornus Stolonifera ◽  
Plant Fecundity ◽  
Maianthemum Canadense ◽  
Syrphid Flies ◽  
Effective Pollinators

Exposure-cage trials in spruce–fir forest near Doaktown, N.B., Canada, showed that Matacil aminocarb insecticide, applied for control of spruce budworm, increased mortality rates of several types of solitary bees and syrphid flies, although previous studies had found no effect on bumblebees. Of two plant species predominantly pollinated by the sensitive pollinator taxa, one (Maianthemum canadense Desf.) showed significantly reduced fecundity in sprayed areas. The other (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) tended toward reduced fecundity in sprayed areas, although this trend was obscured by great within-treatment variability. Cornus canadensis L., which is visited by bumblebees as well as by the smaller, Matacil-susceptible insects, showed no reduction of fecundity in sprayed areas. This study generally supports the practicality of assessing plant risk a priori by considering (i) the breeding system, (ii) the flowering phenology, (iii) the effective pollinators, and (iv) the known susceptibility of the pollinators to the spray agent in use.

The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1620-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Su ◽  
Ted D. Needham ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Generalized Model ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
Model Combining

Changing stand composition by increasing hardwood content has been suggested as a long-term method for reducing susceptibility and vulnerability of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) to spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Twenty-five mixed balsam fir–hardwood stands were selected in northern New Brunswick, with five stands in each 20% hardwood class (0–20, 21–40%, etc.). Defoliation each year from 1989 to 1993 was significantly (p < 0.0001) related to hardwood content, with r2 ranging from 0.57 to 0.81. As hardwood content increased, defoliation of balsam fir decreased. From 1989 to 1992, the years of moderate to severe defoliation, balsam fir stands with <40% hardwoods sustained 58–71% defoliation, on average, versus 12–15% defoliation in stands with >80% hardwood. A generalized model combining hardwood content and the estimated defoliation in pure softwood stands in a given year explained 77% of the variation in defoliation over stands and years. This study indicated that mixed balsam fir–hardwood stand management, with hardwood content >40%, could substantially reduce losses during spruce budworm outbreaks. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanism involved, but our working hypothesis is that greater hardwood content increased the diversity or populations of natural enemies such as birds and parasitoids.

A comparison of flower-visiting insects to rare Symphyotrichum sericeum and common Solidago nemoralis (Asteraceae)

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Bizecki Robson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Visitation Rate ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Insect Activity ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Common Plant ◽  
Insect Visitors ◽  
Over Time

Flower-visiting insect activity to the rare Symphyotrichum sericeum (Vent.) G.L. Nesom and the common Solidago nemoralis Ait. var. longipetiolata (Mack. & Bush) Pal. & Steyerm. was examined to detect compositional and temporal similarities. A hand pollination experiment was conducted to determine whether pollen was limiting seed set. Of the 31 insect taxa that visited these plants, Bombus bifarius Cresson was the most common visitor to both species. More insect visitors of the Halictidae and Bombyliidae were received by S. sericeum than S. nemoralis, which received more visitors of the Syrphidae and Tachinidae. The insect visitation rate was not significantly different between the two plant species. Solidago nemoralis was visited by fewer insect taxa per day than S. sericeum, but the constancy of its visitors was higher. The insect visitor composition changed over time, with B. bifarius ignoring S. sericeum plants initially, then visiting them more frequently as the number of receptive S. nemoralis capitula declined. Hand pollination increased seed set in the earliest flowering capitula of S. sericeum, but not for those flowering during the peak. This research shows that the quantity of insect visits to the rare plant is comparable with that of the common plant but that pollination quality may be lower, particularly for early blooming capitula.

Reproductive ecology of Dryas integrifolia in the high Arctic semi-desert

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1451-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Krannitz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Flower Stalk ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Solar Noon ◽  
Seed Data

Flowering and fruiting of Dryas integrifolia were studied at Igloolik and Pangnirtung to analyse the importance of variation in heliotropy and flower size to seed set and weight. In addition, peduncle elongation and seed plume length were also studied to analyse variation in seed dispersal characters. At both Igloolik and Pangnirtung, most Dryas flowers were not heliotropic throughout the course of the day, but in general, pointed towards the solar noon sun. Benefits to orienting toward the sun were warmer gynoecial temperatures, heavier seeds, and more insect visitation (though not percent seed set). Flowers varied in size from 1.2 to 2.7 cm in diameter and differed in size between plants. Even though larger flowers did not point towards the solar noon sun more than smaller flowers, they had heavier and proportionally more seeds. Variation in peduncle elongation suggests the potential for conservative dispersion when a flower has produced only a few propagules: flowers with fewer or no seeds had shorter stalks. Similarly, with good seed production, a bet hedging strategy is apparent: seeds located at the centre of the receptacle had much longer plumes than those at the perimeter of the seed head. All seed data were from Pangnirtung; the cold summer in 1986 at Igloolik resulted in a complete seed crop failure. Despite the adversity of the arctic climate, there are moderate summers during the lifetime of perennial plants such as D. integrifolia in which adaptations like those described in this study benefit the production of sexual offspring. Keywords: heliotropism, flower stalk elongation, basking insects, seed dispersal, insolation, bet hedging.

Spruce budworm and management effects on forest and wood product carbon for an intensively managed forest

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1736-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. Hennigar ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Wood Product ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Insecticide Application ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Biological Insecticide ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Forest C

An integrated forest management optimization model was developed to calculate potential spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) effects on forest and wood product carbon (C) from 2007 to 2057 and to evaluate potential C sequestration benefits of alternative management strategies (salvage, biological insecticide application). The model was tested using simulated spruce budworm outbreaks on a 210 000 ha intensively managed forest in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. Under a severe spruce budworm outbreak scenario from 2007 to 2020, harvest volume and forest and wood product C storage in 2027 were projected to be reduced by 1.34 Mm3, 1.48 Mt, and 0.26 Mt, respectively, compared with the levels under no defoliation. Under the same severe outbreak scenario, implementation of salvage and harvest replanning plus a biological insecticide applied aerially to 40% of susceptible forest area, reduced harvest, forest C, and wood product C impacts by 73%, 41%, and 56%, respectively. Extrapolation of these results to all of New Brunswick suggests that a future severe spruce budworm outbreak could effectively increase total provincial annual C emissions (all sources) by up to 40%, on average, over the next 20 years. This modeling approach can be used to identify to what extent insecticide application, as a forest-C-offset project, could result in additional C storage than without forest and pest management.

The Interaction of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the Parasite Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Realistic Estimate ◽  
Host Generation

This is the second of a series of papers (Miller, 1959) describing the interaction of primary parasites and the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), based on data collected during an outbreak of the budworm in northern New Brunswick during the period 1947–1958. The first paper showed that the interaction between the spruce budworm and Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. is adequately described by the general mathematicai model developed by Watt (1959). The data on the parasite Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.) to be presented in this paper are also analysed by means of Watt's model and consequently the method is essentially the same. There is, however, one important difference. In the case of A. fumiferanae, the estimated number of adult parasites was only an index based on the potential number emerging from the previous host generation. The observed density of G. fumiferanae is a more realistic estimate. It is based on the actual number of cocoons found on the foliage during the adult emergence period.

Evidence of DDT Resistance in Populations of Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), From DDT-sprayed Areas of New Brunswick

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1281-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Randall
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Ddt Resistance

AbstractA series of laboratory toxicological experiments using various concentrations of oil formulated DDT solutions (AR-50/fuel oil (2:7 V/V)) was carried out on 5th and 6th instar spruce budworm larvae collected in the field from DDT-sprayed and untreated areas of New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, U.S.A.Results obtained in 1959, 1961, and 1962 with larvae collected from isolated, unsprayed areas in New Brunswick showed a consistent, straight log-dosage probit mortality curve. Larvae collected in 1962 and 1963 from infestation centres previously subjected to three, four, and five applications of non-consecutive large-scale aerial sprays of DDT showed a significant departure from the straight log-dosage probit curve previously obtained. The departure occurs as a change in the shape of the curve as well as a shift to the higher concentration range of DDT. The magnitude of change appears to be correlated with the number of sprays to which the population was exposed. Results obtained in 1962 and 1963, from untreated control and inter-spray areas, bounded by DDT-sprayed forest lands, showed a small but significant departure from the normal straight probit line of a susceptible population. These changes are indicative of a progressive development of DDT resistance in wild populations of spruce budworm.Studies on the effect of the tolerance of spruce budworm larvae within instar classes to the action of DDT showed that the early phase of instar development immediately after moulting is more susceptible to the action of DDT, whereas the latter phase of instar development immediately prior to moulting is more tolerant to topical application of DDT than the average for the instar. This effect is evident in both susceptible and resistant populations.The data interpretation assumes that a deviation from the straight line probit dosage – mortality curve is indicative of a difference in the DDT-susceptibility factor of the budworm population and that in the course of the tests, the amount of toxicant causing mortality was not proportional to the dosage.

The Ruby-throated Hummingbird and its major food plants: ranges, flowering phenology, and migration

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert I. Bertin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Herbarium Data ◽  
And Migration

The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (or rubythroat, Archilochus colubris) and several of its major food plants were examined to assess the importance of rubythroat versus insect pollination, the overlap of geographical ranges, and the synchrony between migration and flowering times. Seed set of Impatiens biflora was increased 8–17% by rubythroat and insect visitation over the level achieved by insects alone. The rubythroat's range is not contiguous with that of any of 22 putative food plants examined, but is nearly coincident with the range of certain forest types, perhaps reflecting the importance of sap for food. A new method was developed to estimate peak flowering times of plants from herbarium data. Based on these data and field observations, only one rubythroat food plant (Impatiens biflora) had peak flowering times close to peak rubythroat migration times throughout their shared range. Rubythroats and their North American food plants are facultative mutualists, with the plants apparently having been evolutionarily more labile.

scholarly journals Monitoring Spruce Budworm with Light Traps: The Effect of Trap Position

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Rhainds ◽  
Edward G. Kettela
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Trap Location ◽  
Median Date ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Highly Correlated

Daily records of adult spruce budworms,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), captured at light traps at multiple locations in New Brunswick in the 1970s, are analyzed in relation to the physical position of light traps (tree canopies or forest clearings). Captures at light traps deployed in tree canopies were 4–400 times greater than those in forest clearings, especially for males. The phenology of captures (median date or duration of flight period) did not differ in relation to trap location. Captures of both males and females in tree canopies were highly correlated with egg densities, whereas no significant relationship was observed for either sex in forest clearings. Monitoring programs for spruce budworm adults using light traps should be standardized by deploying traps in tree canopies.

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