Variation and genetics of ribonucleases and phosphodiesterases in conifer seeds

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mejnartowicz ◽  
F. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
Isoenzyme Variation ◽  
Conifer Seeds ◽  
Starch Gel

Using techniques of starch gel electrophoresis, isoenzymes of ribonuclease 11 (RNase, EC 3.1.4.23) and phosphodiesterase I (PDase, EC 3.1.4.1) could be identified in endosperm tissue from dry seeds of three conifer species: Norway spruce (Picea abies). Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The RNase patterns mostly exhibited a relatively great number of isoenzyme bands as well as a considerable tree-to-tree variation, whereas the PDase system revealed only one enzyme zone in each of the three seed species. Furthermore, an isoenzyme variation within the PDase zones appeared to be very infrequent and could only be detected in Norway spruce and Douglas fir. However, the isoenzyme patterns of RNase as well as PDase showed significant differences between the conifer species. The genetic basis of the intraspecific isoenzyme variations could be easily analyzed, since the test material (seed endosperm) represented haploid tissues resulting from macrogametophytes after fertilization. Hence, it was possible to identify three polymorphic RNase gene loci in Douglas fir seeds, two in Scots pine seeds, and one in Norway spruce seeds. The PDase zone in each conifer species was controlled by one gene locus which revealed allelic forms only in Norway spruce and Douglas fir seeds.

scholarly journals The Effect of Climate on Tree-Ring Chronologies of Native and Nonnative Tree Species Growing Under Homogenous Site Conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (-1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Feliksik ◽  
Sławomir Wilczyński
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Diameter Increment

The Effect of Climate on Tree-Ring Chronologies of Native and Nonnative Tree Species Growing Under Homogenous Site ConditionsDendroclimatic studies were carried out in the experimental stands composed of many tree species situated in the Polish part of the Baltic sea-coast. Increment cores were taken from a 100-years old trees of 2 native species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and 3 nonnative species: Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr.) and Silver fir (Abies albaMill.). Thirty trees of each species were cored. The relationships between the diameter increment and the thermal and pluvial conditions during the period from 1925 to 2005 were analyzed on the basis of standardized tree-ring chronologies and climatic data. It was found that precipitation and temperature of the growing season and months preceding that season affected the annual diameter increment of all investigated tree species. The current year winter and early spring temperatures as well as February and August precipitation had a similar effect on the variation of diameter increment of trees. On the other hand thermal and pluvial conditions of the current year June differentiated the increment rhythm of individual species. A very strong negative effect on diameter growth of trees was observed in the case of winter and early spring frosts. Norway spruce turned out to be a species most resistant to low temperatures. The investigated tree species, especially Norway spruce, was susceptible to water deficiency in the soil during spring and summer. In the case of Scots pine a high precipitation in June stimulated its growth. The diameter increments of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Scots pine, and Silver fir were more strongly connected with air temperature than with precipitation. So called all-species chronology of tree-ring width, constructed during this study, permitted to verify the factors having a similar effect on growth response of the investigated tree species. It reflected the mutual characteristics of diameter increments of trees of various species.

scholarly journals Starch gel electrophoresis of conifer seeds: a laboratory manual

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Thompson Conkle ◽  
Paul D. Hodgskiss ◽  
Lucy B. Nunnally ◽  
Serena C. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Laboratory Manual ◽  
Conifer Seeds ◽  
Starch Gel

Clonal growth in spire-shaped Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir trees

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Shea ◽  
Michael C. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Significant Size

The existence of multitrunk clusters in all-aged stands of spire-shaped Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir trees was documented and their origin was investigated using starch gel electrophoresis. Identical genotypes at nine variable loci demonstrated that most of the multitrunk clusters resulted from clonal growth of one individual. Significant differences in allele frequencies between clonal and nonclonal individuals in fir, but not spruce, suggest that there is a genetic component to clonal growth. Comparisons of sizes and ages among individuals with clonal growth and (or) sexual reproduction showed significant size and age differences, depending on mode of propagation, in spruce, and significant size differences in fir. In both species seed production was the predominant method of propagation and trees with seed production or seed production plus clonal growth were larger in size, but not necessarily older, than nonreproductive trees or those with clonal growth only. The fact that some trees had only clonal growth, some trees had only seed production, and some trees had both suggests that each type of propagation is advantageous under certain microenvironmental conditions. Results showing that it was impossible to determine visually if a given multitrunk cluster was composed of a single or multiple genets have implications for demographic and genetic studies in these and related conifer species.

scholarly journals Substrate specificity of glucokinase and fructokinase of several conifer species

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Author(s):  
Fritz Bergmanni ◽  
Leon Mejnartowicz
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Annual Plant ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
The Common ◽  
Annual Plant Species

Annual plant species were found to have several distinct classes of hexokinases which are specific for different hexoses, such as glucose, fructose and mannose. In conifers one isozyme of hexokinase could be found in genetic studies if only glucose was employed as substrate. If fructose was substituted for glucose, another isozyme zone different from the common hexokinase could be observed in zymograms of extracts from seed tissues of Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver fir. Hence these three conifer species possess at least two different hexokinases, glucokinase and fructokinase.

Humus buildup in boreal forests: effects of litter fall and its N concentration

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 988-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Berg ◽  
Charles McClaugherty ◽  
Amalia Virzo De Santo ◽  
Dale Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Measured Amount ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Using Data

This synthesis paper presents a model for estimating the buildup of soil organic matter in boreal deciduous and coniferous forests. A basic model was developed using data from a well-studied Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest (SWECON site) and based on limit values for litter decomposition and amounts of litter fall. A local validation gave a calculated humus accumulation that differed by 8% from the amount measured in the stand. This model was further validated using data for humus accumulated for 2984, 2081, and 1106 years, predicting an accumulation close to the measured amount, and for needle litter the missing fractions were 16, 17, and –6%, respectively, for the three groups. The limit value for litter decomposition is negatively related to the litter's initial N concentration; thus, N-rich litter should have a larger resistant fraction left than N poor. This relationship was validated using nine paired stands of monocultures: eight pairs of Scots pine and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and one pair of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). The measured amount of SOM was related to foliar litter fall and its N concentration. In all cases the more N-rich litter gave in all cases the more N-rich Norway spruce litter gave a significantly higher accumulation of humus for Norway spruce in spite of a higher litter fall for Scots pine. Also, red alder gave more SOM than Douglas-fir and in an expected relation to the litter N concentration. A consequence of this would be that C sinks of different efficiencies or capacities would tend to accumulate SOM at different rates.

scholarly journals Effects of brassinosteroid application on seed germination of Norway spruce, Scots pine, Douglas fir and English oak

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Kuneš ◽  
M Baláš ◽  
R Linda ◽  
J Gallo ◽  
O Nováková
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
English Oak

Bovine Platelet Proteins II. Purification of Platelet Fibrinogen

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. O Solum ◽  
S Łopaciuk
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Ultracentrifugation ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Insoluble Material ◽  
High Resolution Power ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Platelet Proteins

Summary1. Platelet fibrinogen has been purified from washed bovine platelets. The procedure was based on the methods for purification of plasma fibrinogen by fractionated precipitations and extractions with ethanol and glycine below 0°, and precipitation of proteins by dimethylformamide at 0°.2. The platelet extract obtained by freezing and thawing of the cells, freed from insoluble material by centrifugation at 23,000 x g for 30 min, contained 0.22 ±0.003mg fibrinogen per 109 platelets. Total protein of this fraction was 0.77 ±0.08 mg per 109 platelets whereas that of the insoluble fraction was 0.79 ±0.09 mg per 109 platelets.3. The most purified platelet fibrinogen fraction contained 91-98% of the protein in a thrombin-clottable state. The yield was approx. 20%. It showed homogeneity in analytical ultracentrifugation, in immunoelectrophoresis using an antiserum produced by immunization of rabbits against platelet extract, and in starch gel electrophoresis using a discontinuous system of Tris HCl and borate buffers offering a high resolution power towards the platelet proteins. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis revealed two to three faint lines behind the main fibrinogen line. At least one such line was also observed with purified plasma fibrinogen.

Fractionation of Plasminogen by Starch Gel Electrophoresis

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 126-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl H. Slotta ◽  
J. D Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Full Activity ◽  
Veronal Buffer ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Alkaline Range

SummaryWhen urea or ε-amino caproic acid were used as solublizing agents for plasminogen in electrophoretic experiments, only one broad band of the proenzyme was obtained on acetate cellulose, in starch block, and in acrylamide gel. In starch gel electrophoresis, however, both forms of plasminogen – the native or euglobulin and Kline’s or Pseudoglobulin plasminogen – separated into six bands. These migrated toward the cathode at room temperature in borate or veronal buffer in the alkaline range and showed full activity in fibrinagar-streptokinase plates.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

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