Anatomical changes in the secondary phloem of grand fir (Abies grandis) induced by the balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (16) ◽  
pp. 1903-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy H. Saigo
Keyword(s):  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Abies Grandis ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Traumatic Resin Ducts ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Adelges Piceae

This study examines the microscopic anatomy and seasonal changes of the secondary phloem, cambium, and a portion of the xylem of grand fir trees (Abies grandis [Dougl.] Lindl.) infested with the balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae Ratz.) as compared with tissues of non-infested trees.The reactivation of the vascular cambium and production of astrosclereids and resin cells are about the same in infested and non-infested trees.The infested trees exhibit sieve cells that are shorter in length, having a tangential dimension about the same as normal cells, and produce more tangential bands of phloem parenchyma cells, more fiber sclereids, biseriate rays, and lipoidal-filled ray cells, abnormally shaped ray parenchyma cell nuclei, giant cortical parenchyma cells, and traumatic resin ducts in the xylem.

Observations on the Life-Cycle of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), in the Willamette Valley of Oregon

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tunnock ◽  
J. A. Rudinsky
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Abies Grandis ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Adelgidae, Homoptera), originally introduced from Europe, was reported on grand fir, Abies grandis (Doug.) Lindl., in the Willamette Valley by Keen (5) around 1930. Serious outbreaks of this insect were first recorded on subalpine fir, A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., in Oregon and Pacific silver fir, A. amabilis (Doug].) Forb., in Washington in 1954 ( 3 ) . At present about 600,000 acres of subalpine and Pacific silver firs are heavily infested in the Pacific Northwest.

Developmental anatomy of natural root grafts in Ficus globosa

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
AN Rao
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Root Grafts

The series of events, and the anatomical changes connected with them, leading to the fusion of aerial roots in Ficus globosa Blume are described. The initial contact between two aerial roots is estabiished by the formation and fusion of epidermai hairs. Secondary growth increases the size of the roots, and consequently the cortices of the two adjacent roots approach one another and become compressed. The cortical tissues thin out in the central region of the compressed zone, but fuse marginally and remain intact. In both roots the ray cells near the contact area become highly meristematic; by active division they produce many parenchyma cells that extend towards each other and finally merge to establish a continuous parenchymatous zone between the steles of the two roots. The cortical tissues, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium in both roots are interrupted by the formation of this new tissue. Later some of the parenchyma cells below the fused regions of the cortex redifferentiate into vascular cambium and extend laterally, joining the pre-existing, interrupted cambia of the two roots. Thus a continuous ring of vascular cambium is reorganized that gives rise to more secondary xylem and phloem. Cork cambium differentiates in the subepidermal layers to form a thick periderm with a smooth surface, so that the fused roots appear externally as a single root. Certain important points of the present study are discussed with reference to previous work.

scholarly journals Sclerification in the bark tissues of common fir (Abies alba Mill.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Sławomir Janakowski ◽  
Władysław Golinowski
Keyword(s):  
Abies Alba ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Phenolic Substances

The sclerification process in bark tissues of common fir (<em>Abies alba</em> Mill.) has been described. The sclerification begins in 3 years old stems. Sclereids differentiate from cortical parenchyma cells and from secondary phloem parenchyma cells that do not contain phenolic deposits. The first single sclereids are formed at the interface of the cortex and nonfunctional phloem. Hereafter, a continuous layer of them is formed. Later, new sclereid layers are formed successively in nonfunctional secondary phloem and cortex. The consecutive layers are separated tangentially by phloem parenchyma cells, that accumulate large amounts of phenolic substances, and by compressed phloem cells. Laterally they are separated by phloem rays that except of some dislocations are continuous. Structural net of the cortical phloem ray cells and phloem parenchyma delineates the areas where the formations of sclereid layers occurs in nonfunctional secondary phloem. Older cortex contains more sclereid layers and the time period of their formation extends continuously.

A Proposal for a New Indicator for Expressing the Metabolic Activity of Living Sapwood Ray Parenchyma Cells

IAWA Journal ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
K.C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Elongation Index ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

A more reliable indicator for expressing the metabolic activity of a living sapwood ray parenchyma cell is proposed and is compared with the old nuclear slenderness ratio (NSR) indicator. NSR is defined as the length of the nucleus divided by the width of the nucleus. The new indicator, the nuclear elongation index (NEI), is defined as the length of the nucleus divided by the length of the ray parenchyma cell multiplied by 100. The validity of the NEI and difference of the use of the NSR and NEI are compared and evaluated.

Structure of Stem and Cambial Variant in Spatholobus Roxburgii (Leguminosae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N.B. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Cambial Variant

The stern of Spatholobus roxburghii, a tropicalliana, has alternating layers of xylem and phloem as a result of formation and activity of successive cambia. Successive cambial rings are developed by dedifferentiation of groups of parenchyma cells outside the discontinuous band of sclereid-fibres. The sclereid- fibre band is formed by the development of sclereids between the primary bark fibres. Each successive cambium first produces a layer of sclereid-fibres which separates the vascular tissue produced by one cambial ring from the other. After secondary growth, the epidermis is replaced by periderm. In the older stern phelloderm contributes to the formation of new cambiallayers. Secondary phloem has sieve tube members; companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres and secretory cells. The wood shows a tendency towards ring-porosity only in the first xylem layer. The subsequent layers are diffuseporous. The vessels are wide and narrow. Perforated ray cells or radial vessels are frequent in the wood and probably help in vertical conduction by interconnecting vessel endings. In this scandent species parenchyma cells are abundant. It is inferred that they help the vessel segments to remain undamaged when the woody stern twists around supports.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): XI. Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), An Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Commonwealth Institute ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Research Institute

Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. is one of the complex of predators that attacks A. piceae (Ratz.) in Europe. After studies on its morphology, biology, and distribution were made by Delucchi and Pschorn-Walcher (1954), C. nigrocellulata was reared in Europe by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control and introduced into New Brunswick via the Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control, Belleville, Ontario.

Anatomy and Chemical Composition of Pinus Pinaster Bark

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Nunes ◽  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Scale Type ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Sieve Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The secondary phloem of Pinus pinaster Aiton bark has sieve cells and axial and radial parenchyma, but no fibres. Resin ducts are present in fusiform rays . Stiloid crystals, starch granules and tannins occur inside sieve and parenchyma cells. The rhytidome of P. pinaster bark has a variable number of periderms forming scale-type discontinuous layers over expanded parenchyma cells. Phellem comprises 4-6 layers of thickwaIled and little suberized cells and phelloderm a layer of 2 or 3 thickened lignified ceIls and a layer of expanded cells.

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