Observations on the Life-Cycle of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), in the Willamette Valley of Oregon

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tunnock ◽  
J. A. Rudinsky
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Abies Grandis ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Adelgidae, Homoptera), originally introduced from Europe, was reported on grand fir, Abies grandis (Doug.) Lindl., in the Willamette Valley by Keen (5) around 1930. Serious outbreaks of this insect were first recorded on subalpine fir, A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., in Oregon and Pacific silver fir, A. amabilis (Doug].) Forb., in Washington in 1954 ( 3 ) . At present about 600,000 acres of subalpine and Pacific silver firs are heavily infested in the Pacific Northwest.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) VI. Aphidecta obliterata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada,

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 596-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Made In

Aphidecta obliterata (L.) is a common predator on conifer-infesting adelgids and aphids in Western Europe, including Scandinavia and the British Isles (Wylie, 1958b). The life cycle in Europe and descriptions of the various stages have been published (Weise, 1892; Portevin, 1931; Van Emden, 1949; Van Dinther, 1951; Wylie, 1958a). Beginning in 1941 several attempts have been made to introduce this species into Eastern Canada against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). The initial liberations from England and Germany were apparently unsuccessful due to the inability of the insect to survive the Canadian winter conditions. Later collections were made in Sweden, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland (Table I) from areas where the winter conditions more closely resemble those in Canada. These liberations also proved unsuccessful. The present paper brings together all available information on the liberations and related experiments olbtained during the liberation years.

EVALUATING TWO RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS IN AN URBAN SETTING IN OREGON'S WILLAMETTE VALLEY

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conner Olsen ◽  
Alexander Kowalewski ◽  
Micah Gould ◽  
John Lambrinos
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Residential Setting ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Harvesting Systems

INTRODUCTION The recent trend toward more extreme periods of drought has been a shock to the residents of the Pacific Northwest – many of whom have relied upon heavy wateruse in the summer months in order to make a living (i.e. producers of grass seed and sod, berries, or nursery crops), or to maintain their landscapes at high levels (i.e. certain homeowners, recreational facilities, or commercial properties). Furthermore, population growth has reached the point where even an average year of precipitation has proven insufficient for urbanities that had not previously experienced issues with water scarcity (McDonald et al., 2011). This modern climate scenario has forced people of the Pacific Northwest, and people from all around the world, to rethink their water-use strategies, as the global trend has shifted toward greater sustainability (Tilman, 2001; McDonald et al., 2011). One potential mitigation strategy for cool-humid regions, such as Oregon's Willamette Valley, is to utilize rainwater-harvesting systems to alleviate freshwater demand (Kinkade-Levario, 2007). Rainwater harvesting is a logical choice for this climate zone because the average annual precipitation (42.7-in for Corvallis, OR) is sufficient for the majority of its crop production, however, this precipitation occurs almost exclusively in a nine-month period spanning from fall to spring (US Climate Data, 1981–2010). Although annual precipitation is adequate, irrigation is still required for at least three months of every year. This study considered rainwater harvesting to be ideally suited for the cool-humid Willamette Valley; the excess rainfall in the wet season that could be stored for use in the summer months, thus decreasing demand for municipal water by an equivalent amount. It should be stated that rainwater harvesting is not a novel idea; there have been studies dating back to the 1980's and earlier that have shown significant watersavings when retrofitting homes with new features like rainwater-harvesting systems (Boers et al., 1982, Karpisack et al., 1990). Even before that, golf courses, sporting complexes, and industrial sites alike were making use of this strategy. However, their methods typically consisted of catching rainwater via surface runoff and storing it in retention ponds (Ferguson, 1998), which is a strategy that is less applicable to the small-acreage homeowner who wants to irrigate their property without having to turn half of their backyard into a pond. Fortunately, there are alternative methods of rainwater harvesting that make a lot more sense in a residential setting, where irrigated land is small in relation to the roof-area for which rain can be easily harvested. This study documents the construction of two distinct rainwater-harvesting systems (an aboveground cistern and a belowground AQUABLOX™ matrix storage system), and gives insight into their advantages and disadvantages.

Occurrence of juvabione-related compounds in grand fir and Pacific silver fir infested by balsam woolly aphid

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Puritch ◽  
W. W. Nijholt
Keyword(s):  
Silver Fir ◽  
Abies Grandis ◽  
Abies Amabilis ◽  
Variable Distribution ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Related Compounds

Two juvabione-related compounds, (+)-todomatuic acid and dehydrotodomatuic acid, were found in conjunction with certain balsam woolly aphid infested Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. and Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes but not with noninfested trees.The localized occurrence and variable distribution of these compounds within the wood of infested trees is discussed.

The Church of England in the Old Oregon Country

1953 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Jessett
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Nez Perce ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Methodist Church ◽  
Inland Empire ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Eastern Washington

Most historians of the Pacific Northwest attribute the beginning of Christian missions in the old Oregon country to the appearance at St. Louis, Missouri, in the fall of 1831 of four Nez Perce Indians. According to Protestant sources these Indians were seeking the “Book of Life;” according to Roman Catholics they sought the “Blackrobes,” as the Jesuit missionaries were known. Some modern historians, unable to account for the Indians' interest in Christianity, have even asserted that they had no religious interest at all. The publicity given this event caused the Methodist Church to send out the Reverend Jason Lee in 1834, and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to send out the Reverend Samuel Parker in 1835. As a result of these exploratory trips the Methodists established themselves in the Willamette Valley and the American Board sent Marcus Whitman, Henry Spalding and W. H. Gray in 1836 and Cushing Eells, Elkanah Walker and A. B. Smith in 1838 into the area of eastern Washington and Idaho now called the Inland Empire. The Roman Catholic priests, Fathers DeMers and Blanchet, arrived at Fort Vancouver in the fall of 1838.

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Sustainable Bio-Oil Production Using a Mixed Supply Chain

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Mirkouei ◽  
Karl R. Haapala ◽  
John Sessions ◽  
Ganti S. Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Potential Benefits

Recent growing interest in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions requires the application of effective energy solutions, such as the utilization of renewable resources. Biomass represents a promising renewable resource for bioenergy, since it has the potential to reduce GHG emissions from various industry sectors. In spite of the potential benefits, biomass is limited due to logistical challenges of collection and transport to bio-refineries. This study proposes a forest biomass-to-bio-oil mixed supply chain network to reduce the GHG emissions compared to a conventional bioenergy supply chain. The mixed supply chain includes mixed-mode bio-refineries and mixed-pathway transportation. Life cycle assessment is conducted for a case study in the Pacific Northwest with the assistance of available life cycle inventory data for biomass-to-bio-oil supply chain. Impact assessment, on a global warming potential (GWP) basis, is conducted with the assistance of databases within SimaPro 8 software. Sensitivity analysis for the case investigated indicates that using the mixed supply chain can reduce GHG emissions by 2–5% compared to the traditional supply chain.

Hop Fever

Hoptopia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Specialty Crop ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Crop Agriculture

Following increased settlement of the Far West and the completion of transcontinental railroads by the 1870s, farmers expanded specialty crop agriculture. This chapter provides context for the movement to hops and other specialty crops in diversified farming to provide cash income, not only in the Willamette Valley but elsewhere across the Pacific Coast. The chapter is framed by the story of Ezra Meeker, of Puyallup, Washington, who, from the 1860s to the 1890s, was the largest producer and promoter of hops in the Pacific Northwest. His story and others show how hop growing was an intensely global enterprise, from the importation of hop roots to the Far West to the transfer of knowledge that included multiple trips back and forth across the country and across the Atlantic to establish markets and acquire information.

Seasonal History of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Pacific Northwest

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 794-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russel G. Mitchell ◽  
Norman E. Johnson ◽  
Julius A. Rudinsky
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Variable Feature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Seasonal History

The balsam woolly aphid, Chermes (Adelges) piceae Ratz., is widely distributed in Europe and North America. It infests many species of Abies (true firs) and may be found attacking its hosts at elevations from near sea level to timberline (5,000 to 6,000 feet). Because of the great range of environments inhabited by the balsam woolly aphid, its biology differs considerably from one region to another. Perhaps the most variable feature in its biology is seasonal history. Karafiat and Franz (1956) reported three generations per year in central Europe, whereas Varty (1956) noted two and sometimes a partial third generation in Scotland. Balch (1952) found only two generations in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, but Amman noted three and sometimes a partial fourth generation in southeastern United States.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Increase of Eastern Filbert Blight in European Hazelnut Orchards in the Pacific Northwest

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1214-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Pinkerton ◽  
K. B. Johnson ◽  
D. E. Aylor ◽  
J. K. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Production Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
Wind Currents

Since its first detection in southwest Washington state 30 years ago, eastern filbert blight, caused by Anisogramma anomala, has spread slowly southward (≈2 km/year) into the Willamette Valley of Oregon, an important hazelnut production region. Experiments were conducted to measure gradients of disease spread, rates of disease increase as affected by distance from an inoculum source and variation in host plant resistance, and dispersal of ascospores of A. anomala from diseased orchards. In each of 3 years, 1-year-old hazelnut trees placed from 0 to 150 m north of diseased orchards were infected uniformly and slopes of disease gradients were not significantly different from zero. In 1 year when trees also were placed south of an orchard, the disease gradient was significant (P < 0.05), with disease incidence high at the edge of the orchard and few trees infected at 10 m south of the orchard. Disease gradients were shallower and the magnitude of the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) greater in 0.1-ha mini-orchards of highly susceptible cv. Ennis than in mini-orchards of moderately susceptible cvs. Barcelona or Casina. Lower AUDPC values were observed in mini-orchards of Barcelona interplanted with a moderately resistant pollenizer Hall's Giant compared with the highly susceptible pollenizer Daviana. Fungicides applied biweekly starting at bud break reduced AUDPC values in Ennis mini-orchards to values observed in Barcelona and Casina mini-orchards. Data from aspirated spore samplers placed on towers adjacent to severely diseased hazelnut orchards indicated that spores of A. anomala dispersed horizontally and vertically away from the canopy during periods of extended branch wetness and, thus, show potential to be transported long distances in wind currents. Weather patterns in the Pacific Northwest may account for the relatively slow, southward spread of eastern filbert blight within Oregon's Willamette Valley. Of 196 precipitation events greater than 10 h in duration recorded from 1974 to 1995, conditions most favorable for ascospores discharge, periods with wind from the north were rare, representing <6% of total hours.

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