Sporulation of Pleurotus ostreatus

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 2111-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. I. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Late Fall

In 1968–1970 Pleurotus ostreatus sporophores produced most spores in the afternoon during late fall and winter, when production increased with daily increases in temperature and decreases in relative humidity. In late summer and fall, production peaked between late afternoon and midnight. Diurnal production patterns did not occur in the laboratory at constant temperature, light, and relative humidity. At 85–95% relative humidity, sporulation increased exponentially with temperatures from 1 to 25C. Production ceased at less than 1C and above 27–30C. Alternating temperatures of 5 and 25C at 12-h intervals resulted in corresponding periods of high and low spore production which continued for up to 24 h after treatment ceased. At 17C, sporulation was higher at 30% relative humidity than at 90% relative humidity. Sporulation was unaffected by alternating light and darkness at constant temperature and relative humidity.

scholarly journals Temporal–Spatial Patterns of Relative Humidity and the Urban Dryness Island Effect in Beijing City

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 2221-2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Yang ◽  
Guoyu Ren ◽  
Wei Hou
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Island Effect ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Beijing China

AbstractHourly datasets obtained by automatic weather stations in Beijing, China, are developed and employed to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of relative humidity (RH) and urban dryness island intensity (UDII) over built-up areas. A total of 36 stations inside the sixth ring road are considered as urban sites, while six stations in suburban belts surrounding the built-up areas are taken as reference sites. Results show that the RH is obviously smaller in urban areas than in suburban areas, indicating the effect of urbanization on near-surface atmospheric moisture and RH. A further analysis of relations between RH and temperature on varied time scales shows that the variations in RH in the urban areas are not due solely to changes in temperature. The annual and seasonal mean UDII are high in central urban areas, with the strongest UDII values occurring in autumn and the weakest values occurring in spring. The diurnal UDII variations are characterized by a steadily strong UDII stage from 2000 to 0800 LT and a minimum at 1500 or 1600 LT. The rapid shifts of UDII from high (low) to low (high) occur during the periods 0800–1600 LT (1600–2000 LT). The occurrence time of the peaks varies among different seasons: the peaks appear at 0700, 2100, 2000, and 0800 LT for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. Further analysis shows that large UDII values appear in the evenings and early nights in late summer and early to midautumn and that low UDII values mainly occur in the afternoon hours of spring, winter, and late autumn.

scholarly journals Inflorescence Bud Initiation, Development, and Bloom in Two Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisson P. Kovaleski ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson ◽  
James W. Olmstead ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
The Relationship

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) production is increasing worldwide, particularly in subtropical growing regions, but information on timing and extent of inflorescence bud development during summer and fall and effects on bloom the next season are limited. The objectives of this study were to determine time of inflorescence bud initiation, describe internal inflorescence bud development, and determine the relationship between internal inflorescence bud development and bloom period the next spring in two southern highbush blueberry [SHB (Vaccinium corymbosum interspecific hybrids)] cultivars. ‘Emerald’ and ‘Jewel’ SHB buds were collected beginning in late summer until shoot growth cessation in late fall for dissection and identification of organ development. Inflorescence bud frequency and number, vegetative and inflorescence bud length and width throughout development, and bloom were also assessed. Inflorescence bud initiation occurred earlier in ‘Emerald’ compared with ‘Jewel’. Five stages of internal inflorescence bud development were defined throughout fall in both cultivars, ranging from a vegetative meristem to early expansion of the inflorescence bud in late fall. ‘Emerald’ inflorescence buds were larger and bloomed earlier, reflecting the earlier inflorescence bud initiation and development. Although inflorescence bud initiation occurred earlier in ‘Emerald’ compared with ‘Jewel’, the pattern of development was not different. Timing of inflorescence bud initiation influenced timing of bloom with earlier initiation resulting in earlier bloom.

scholarly journals Red flour beetle survival on different food items

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Flour Beetle ◽  
Food Items

Studied red beetle life on each of the yen and wheat durum wheat, barley, corn, rice, chickpeas, ground peanuts and beans in Living situation constant temperature and relative humidity of 65% for a period of 66 days was the life cycle of the insect different from one substance to another ....

Memoirs: The Early Embryonic Development of Rhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)

1935 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (309) ◽  
pp. 71-90
Author(s):  
HELEN MELLANBY
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Posterior Pole ◽  
Early Embryonic Development ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity

1. Eggs of Rhodnius prolixus were incubated at constant temperature and humidity (21° C. and 90 per cent, relative humidity). Eighty-five per cent, was the lowest record of the controls hatched successfully under these conditions. 2. The processes of maturation and fertilization were not studied. 3. Cleavage begins 12-13 hours after incubation. At 25 hours there are 32 nuclei. Yolk-cells are derived from cleavage nuclei, and they multiply by mitosis up to 50 hours. Blastoderm formation is complete after 55-60 hours of incubation. 4. The ventral embryonic rudiment is similar to that of many other insects. As soon as it is formed, germ-cells are budded off at the posterior pole of the egg. 5. The first stage in blastokinesis is fully described. 6. The formation of the mesoderm is by invagination and overgrowth. 7. The endoderm arises from two proliferating areas situated anteriorly and posteriorly. 8. Numerous cells are given off into the yolk during the early development of the embryo. There they disintegrate.

Comparative study of destructive, nondestructive, and numerical procedures for the determination of moisture dependent shear moduli in Scots pine wood

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069
Author(s):  
Murat Aydın ◽  
Hasan Hüseyin Ciritcioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Transverse Wave ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Shear Moduli ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
Static Shear

Abstract In this study, moisture dependent shear moduli in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood were determined by a 45° off-axis (longitudinal, radial, and tangential) compression test and ultrasonic transverse wave propagation. Finite element modeling was performed to ascertain how the results agree with the numerical method. Ultrasonic transverse wave velocities on the LR, LT, and RT planes were decreased from 1347, 1323, and 589 m × s-1 to 1286, 1269, and 561 m × s-1 when relative humidity increased from 45 % to 85 % at a constant temperature of 20 ± 1 °C, respectively. The dynamic and static shear modulus on the LR, LT, and RT planes were decreased from 988, 953, and 189, and 966, 914, and 182 MPa to 927, 903, and 176, and 845, 784, and 154 MPa when relative humidity increased from 45 % to 85 % at a constant temperature of 20 ± 1 °C, respectively. Therefore, both velocity and modulus values at all principal axes and planes were decreased with an increase in moisture. Maximum (15.2 %) and minimum (2.3 %) differences between dynamic and the static shear modulus were observed for GLT at 85 % and GLR at 45 % relative humidity, respectively. Coefficients of determinations between the dynamic and static shear moduli were ranged from 0.68 (GLR at 65 % RH) to 0.97 (GLR at 85 % RH). Finite element analysis, only for 65 % RH values, was performed using Solid 45 element, and, according to results, load-deformation curves created by linear orthotropic material properties, are well-matched with the static curves.

Factors Affecting Toxicity and Translocation of Glyphosate in Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treated Area ◽  
Lower Stem

Toxicity of nonradiolabeled and translocation of14C-labeled glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL.) were evaluated under different environmental conditions as affected by surfactant and by the maturity of the plant tissue at the place of herbicide application. Toxicity was affected primarily by temperature with 21 to 40% greater cotton injury at 25 C than at 35 C. The addition of surfactant often increased toxicity under environmental conditions where toxicity was initially low. Absorption and translocation of14C was affected primarily by relative humidity (RH). At constant temperature and rate of surfactant, an increase in RH from 40 to 100% resulted in a 3- to 6-fold increase in translocation of14C. Autoradiograms indicated that the movement of the14C-label was primarily into leaves above the treated area. Translocation of14C was significantly greater following application to the mature lower stem than to the mature lower leaves or to immature upper stem or leaves of cotton.

scholarly journals Drying and rehydration of oyster mushroom

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 945-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giannini Pasiznick Apati ◽  
Sandra Aparecida Furlan ◽  
João Borges Laurindo
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Water Sorption ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Moisture Sorption ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Water Sorption Isotherms

Dehydration and rehydration processes of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies were investigated in this work. Mushroom samples were dehydrated at 40, 50 and 60 ºC, using drying air with relative humidity of 75 %. The rehydration was investigated at different temperatures of immersion water (25, 55 and 85 ºC) and different immersion times (30, 75 and 120 minutes). The best rehydration occurred for the samples dried at 40 ºC. The rehydration could be done in water at room temperature, during 30 minutes. Water sorption isotherms of samples were determined at 30, 40 and 50 ºC. Both GAB and BET models satisfactorily represented the experimental data of moisture sorption of dried mushrooms.

DIURNAL BEHAVIOR AND BITING HABITS OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN THE FORESTS OF QUEBEC

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Wolfe ◽  
D. G. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Diurnal Behavior

Studies in the region of Baie Comeau, Quebec, from 1954 to 1956, showed that black flies were most active in the morning 1 to 2 hours after dawn and in the evening [Formula: see text] to 1 hour before sunset. Flight activity appeared to depend on light intensity if the temperature was not below 45° F, the wind velocity not above 2 m.p.h., and the relative humidity not below 50%. In the morning, activity was greatest at higher levels of light intensity, i.e., 20 ft-c, than in the evening, 5 ft-c. Activity increased before thunderstorms and rain and the increase appeared related more to the change in light intensity than to changes in atmospheric pressure or humidity. At night, black flies moved to resting places in the tops of the trees, probably because of the more suitable light intensity at the higher levels just before dark. Oviposition commenced in the late afternoon and continued until dark except on overcast days, when it commenced in early afternoon. Simulium (Simulium) venustum Say bit man mainly on the back of the neck.

Wood Fracture Pattern during the Water Adsorption Process

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Liyu ◽  
L. Zhenyou ◽  
Z. Guangjie
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Betula Platyphylla ◽  
Moisture Adsorption ◽  
Pinus Bungeana

Summary A research program was conducted to investigate the effect of water transition on wood fracture properties, focusing on fracture behavior and patterns with different crack orientations of Betula platyphylla Suk. and Pinus bungeana in three different moisture adsorption processes. At a constant temperature of 20°C, three levels of relative humidity were considered: 66%, 82% and 100%. The results indicated that moisture content did not influence the crack propagation path, while specimen crack orientation did. With longer moisture adsorption times, the time needed to reach the maximum load from the critical load also grew; this is because below the fiber saturation point, from excessive dryness to a certain moisture content, the cell wall becomes less brittle and the toughness is enhanced. At 20°C constant temperature, the fracture toughness gradually increased from oven-dry state adsorbing moisture to 82% relative humidity, but decreased from 82% to 100% relative humidity. Within a tree species, fracture toughness depended on specimen type. The fracture toughness of LT specimens was by far higher than that of TL and TR specimens. The LT specimen fracture toughness of Betula platyphylla Suk. was comparable to that of Pinus bungeana.

Technique for evaluating the potential for growth of shoot and root buds of white clover (Trifolium repens)

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. D. Newton ◽  
M. J. M. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Root Primordia ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Root Buds ◽  
Subtending Leaves

SUMMARYAn assay was developed for assessing the potential for growth of shoot and root buds of white clover. This paper describes the technique and the experimental results on which it was based. The assay involved the incubation of nodes under standard conditions and the monitoring of bud activity at the nodes. Shoot buds were of primary interest but the assay was also used to investigate the activity of root primordia. Correlative influences were reduced by separating individual nodes and by removal of their subtending leaves and petioles. The optimal environmental conditions for incubation were: a constant temperature of 20 °C, a 24 h photoperiod of low irradiance (4 W/m2) and a high relative humidity (≥ 90%). The technique proved suitable for the monthly screening of 1000–2000 nodes sampled from field populations of white clover.

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