Floral morphology of the Amaryllidaceae. I. Subfamily Amaryllidioideae

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1555-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Vascular Strand ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Inferior Ovary ◽  
Three Bundles ◽  
Perianth Tube ◽  
Peculiar Mode

The flowers of the subfamily Amaryllidioideae are similar to one another in that they are fragrant, showy, bisexual, and epigynous with two trimerous whorls of perianth and stamens each, and a compound gynoecium. A single vascular strand supplies the vascular system of both a perianth member and a stamen. It splits into three bundles, one median and two laterals. The former constitutes the vascular supply of a perianth member, while the latter, facing one another right and left, fuse to supply a stamen. This peculiar mode of branching of the vascular strand is considered to be associated with superposition of a stamen upon a perianth member. The corona of Narcissus which is supplied by inversely oriented vascular bundles, is regarded as an outgrowth from the perianth tube and those of Eucharis and Pancratium, which are non-vascular, to represent the stamen cup. Two series of vascular strands differentiate in all members investigated. While the inner series constitutes the placental supply, the strands of the outer series which vary in number in different genera, show various degrees of adnation among the traces occurring on the same radius. The nature of the inferior ovary has been discussed. The nectaries are considered to be of quite advanced type.

scholarly journals Micromorphology and anatomy of the flowers of Galanthus nivalis and Leucojum vernum (Amaryllidaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Fishchuk ◽  
A. V. Odintsova
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Fleshy Fruit ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Inferior Ovary ◽  
Dorsal Vein ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Galanthus Nivalis ◽  
Significant Addition ◽  
First Time

We studied the structure of flowers of Galanthus nivalis and Leucojum vernum using cross-sections and longitudal sections of permanent preparations using a light microscope. Genera Galanthus and Leucojum belong to the Galantheae tribe characterized by a unique combination of features of the family Amaryllidaceae, i.e. absence of septal nectaries, poricidal anthers and fruit – fleshy capsule. Both species are represented in the flora of Ukraine and have the life form of bulb ephemeroid of decidous forests. Microscopic surveys of flowers are considered as an instrument for determining yet unknown structural adaptations of plants to specialized ways of pollination and determining the first stages of morphogenesis of fruit, because many features of the fruit appear already at the stage of flower. We determined that the tepals of both studied species have multi-bundle traces of 8–9 vascular bundles. Apical dehiscence of the anthers occurs due to short longitudinal sutures in the upper part of the anthers. The nectar disk on the roof of the inferior ovary is poorly differentiated, and has no vascular bundles. We associate the indicated peculiarities of the flower structure with the offer of pollen as the main reward of the pollinator during buzz-polination, which has not reported for the studied species. Placentation is axile in the lower part of the ovary and parietal in the upper one. We consider that the gynoecium of the studied species is eusyncarpous. The vascular system of the inferior ovary is composed of three dorsal and three septal veins, paired ventral bundles of carpels, which form the traces of ovules, and also small additional bundles in the wall of the ovary. For the first time, we have determined the presence of airy parenchyma in the ovules, ovary roof, the style and anthers’ connectives and have confirmed their presence in the tepals and the wall of the ovary at the stage of flowering. We found differentiation of the mesocarp into photosynthesizing and airy parenchyma, small sizes of cells of the endocardium in the area of the dorsal vein, bifurcate dorsal bundles of the carpels, which could be considered as adaptation of different stages of morphogenesis of fruit to dehiscence. Anatomical peculiarities of the ovaries of G. nivalis and L. vernum: numerous vascular bundles in the pericarp, thick parenchyma mesocarp with air-filled cavities, non-lignified endocarp at the stage of the flower we consider adaptations to the formation of fleshy fruit. The new data we obtained on the anatomical structure of the flowers is a significant addition of information about anthecological and carpological (post-anthetic) peculiarities of the surveyed species.

STUDIES IN THE FLORAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE MARANTACEAE: I. VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE FLOWER OF SCHUMANNIANTHUS VIRGATUS ROLFE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE LABELLUM

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1365-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Tilak ◽  
R. M. Pai
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Floral Anatomy ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Inferior Ovary ◽  
Anatomical Evidence ◽  
Floral Whorls

The floral anatomy of Schumannianthus virgatus Rolfe is described in detail. Anatomical observations indicate fusion of vascular bundles of various floral whorls commensurate with their adnation, and, in that sense, the inferior ovary is considered to be appendicular in nature. Anatomical evidence demonstrates reduction in part of the labellum and of the functional stamen. The anther is one-celled. The labellum is shown to be a unitary organ representing an anterolateral member of the inner androecial whorl.

scholarly journals Can the anatomy of abnormal flowers elucidate relationships of the androecial members in the ginger (Zingiberaceae)?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xiumei ◽  
Fan Tian ◽  
Zou Pu ◽  
Zhang Wenhu ◽  
Wu Xiuju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Staminate Flower ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
State Reconstruction ◽  
Outer Whorl ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Background Interpretation of the floral structure of Zingiberaceae has long concentrated on the relationships of the androecial members. It has been suggested that the labellum is composed of two structures rather than three or five, and the glands are not only the epidermis of the ovary but are similar to nectaries. Results Serial sections were used to observe the vasculature of normal and two-staminate flowers in Alpinia intermedia ‘shengzhen’. Floral diagrams were drawn to interpret the morphological category of the floral organs and the relationships of the androecial members. Androecial vascular bundles were associated with carpellary dorsal bundles (CDBs) and parietal bundles (PBs) in a Zingiberales phylogeny setting using ancestral state reconstruction. Anatomical observations demonstrate that the fertile stamen(s) incorporate parietal strands both in normal and two-staminate flowers. The three appendages represent the three members of the outer whorl of the androecium while the labellum represents the inner whorl of the androecium in the two-staminate flower. Reconstruction of the origin of the vascular system in the androecium suggests that the outer whorl of androecium receives its vascular supply from the CDBs and the inner whorl of androecium receives from the PBs in both the basal banana group and the more derived ginger clade. Conclusions The present study adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that anatomy of abnormal flowers may not provide enough evidence for elucidating the relationships of the androecial members. Abnormal flowers are diverse in the Zingiberaceae and may derive from different types of mutations.

Reassessing species boundaries in the Syagrus glaucescens complex (Arecaceae) using leaf anatomy

Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 379-387
Author(s):  
D.H.T. Firmo ◽  
S.A. Santos ◽  
M.E.M.P. Perez ◽  
P. Soffiatti ◽  
B.F. Sant’Anna-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Species Diagnosis ◽  
High Degree

The Syagrus glaucescens complex comprises three species: Syagrus glaucescens Glaz. ex Becc., Syagrus duartei Glassman, and Syagrus evansiana Noblick. Recently, a new population of S. evansiana that possesses a high degree of endemism was reported in the Serra do Cabral mountain. Here we intend to study the leaf anatomy of the S. glaucescens complex and confirm whether this newly found population (from now on called Syagrus aff. evansiana) belongs to S. evansiana or not. Specimens were collected to investigate their leaf anatomy, which showed distinct differences between S. aff. evansiana and S. evansiana. The midrib anatomy revealed novelties for the S. glauscecens complex, proving useful for species diagnosis. Features such as accessory vascular bundles around the vascular system of the midrib and the number of collateral bundles are diagnostic for species identification. In addition, morphological and anatomical analyses indicated a correlation with the species occurrence. We found greater similarity between S. glaucescens and S. duartei, while S. evansiana and S. aff. evansiana are more alike. Here, we propose a new identification key based only on the leaf anatomy. Despite their morphological similarities, S. aff. evansiana and S. evansiana presented differences in leaf anatomy, which — when associated with their geographical isolation — suggests a fourth taxon in the complex.

scholarly journals Morphology and anatomy of leaf mine in Richterago riparia Roque (Asteraceae) in the campos rupestres of Serra do Cipó, Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. A. MELO DE PINNA ◽  
J. E. KRAUS ◽  
N. L. de MENEZES
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Campos Rupestres ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Serra Do Cipó ◽  
Phenolic Substances

The leaf mine in Richterago riparia is caused by a lepidopteran larva (lepidopteronome). The leaves of R. riparia show campdodrome venation; the epidermis is unistratified, with stomata and glandular trichomes in adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The mesophyll is bilateral and the vascular system is collateral. During the formation of the mine, the larva consumes the chlorenchyma of the mesophyll and the smaller vascular bundles (veins of third and fourth orders). Structural alterations in the tissues of the host plant were not observed, except for the formation of a wound meristem and the presence of cells with phenolic substances next to the mine. Three cephalic exuviae of the miner were found in the mesophyll. This lepidopteronome is parenchymatic and the epidermis remains intact, but forms a protective layer for the mining insect.

scholarly journals Presence of Xylella fastidiosa in Sweet Orange Fruit and Seeds and Its Transmission to Seedlings

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 953-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-B. Li ◽  
W. D. Pria ◽  
P. M. Lacava ◽  
X. Qin ◽  
J. S. Hartung
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Specific Amplification ◽  
Root Grafts ◽  
Citrus Seeds

Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited bacterium, causes several economically important diseases in North, Central, and South America. These diseases are transmitted by sharpshooter insects, contaminated budwood, and natural root-grafts. X. fastidiosa extensively colonizes the xylem vessels of susceptible plants. Citrus fruit have a well-developed vascular system, which is continuous with the vascular system of the plant. Citrus seeds develop very prominent vascular bundles, which are attached through ovular and seed bundles to the xylem system of the fruit. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit of cvs. Pera, Natal, and Valencia with characteristic symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis disease were collected for analysis. X. fastidiosa was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all main fruit vascular bundles, as well as in the seed and in dissected seed parts. No visual abnormalities were observed in seeds infected with the bacterium. However, the embryos of the infected seeds weighed 25% less than those of healthy seeds, and their germination rate was lower than uninfected seeds. There were about 2,500 cells of X. fastidiosa per infected seed of sweet orange, as quantified using real-time PCR techniques. The identification of X. fastidiosa in the infected seeds was confirmed by cloning and sequencing the specific amplification product, obtained by standard PCR with specific primers. X. fastidiosa was also detected in and recovered from seedlings by isolation in vitro. Our results show that X. fastidiosa can infect and colonize fruit tissues including the seed. We also have shown that X. fastidiosa can be transmitted from seeds to seedlings of sweet orange. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of X. fastidiosa in seeds and its transmission to seedlings.

Comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on amaranthus hybridus l. and Amaranthus spinosus L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
C. Wahua ◽  
J. Nwikiri
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Spinosus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phytochemical Studies ◽  
Key Words Morphology

The present study is set to investigate the comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on Amaranthus hybridus L. and Amaranthus spinosus L. which belong to the family Amaranthaceae. They are dicots pre-dominantly found in the Niger Delta Tropics, Nigeria. The species are annual erect herbs with flower inflorescences as elongated spikes which are mostly paniculate occurring at ends of branches in globose fashion in axils of leaves.The nodes often have pair of axillary spines. Flowers are small, greenish with male ones at the top while the female ones below the clusters and stem is greenish but often reddish with one-seeded capsule as fruit in Amaranthus spinosus which attains up to 80 ± 20cm in height whereas A. hybridus differ in absence of a pair of axillary spines, the stems are greenish or slightly pinkish which grows up to 100 ± 10cm in height. A. hybridus is more of a vegetable and has alternate phyllotaxi and narrow cuneate base. Fruits from both species are circumscissile capsules and their inflorescences are terminal racemes positioned at their axils with female perianth segments of five. Epidermal studies revealed amphistomatic stomata which is anisocytic  type for both species. The stomatal index for A. spinosus adaxial foliar epidermis is 20% and the abaxial 20% whereas for A. hybridus adaxial is 20% and abaxial foliar stomatal index of 20%. Anatomical studies revealed open vascular system, collenchyma dominating the hypodermis while parenchyma occupied the general cortex and pith regions. A. hybridus has more vascular bundles and trichomes, and wider pith than A. spinosus. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are present in A. spinosus while alkaloids were absent only in A. hybridus. This may be the reason why A. spinosus is used more in tradomedicine than A.hybridus which served more as vegetable. Key Words: Morphology, Anatomy, Phytochemistry, Amaranthus, Amaranthaceae

Vascular System of the Stem of the Wheat Plant. I. Mature State

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Vascular Connections ◽  
Main Tiller

The courses of the various vascular bundles in the nodes of the main tiller of Triticum aestivum L. have been reconstructed from anatomical observations of con- secutive serial transverse sections. Of the bundles entering a node (n) from its attached leaf, the first-formed and largest, the median, passes directly through the node to the second node below (n-2), where it bifurcates and fuses with other strands. These continue to node n- 3 before fusing completely with the nodal plexus. The next six bundles to form (laterals) establish some links with bundles from higher leaves in the node of entry, much more extensive connections in node n- 1, and fuse completely with the nodal plexus in node n-2. The next four lateral bundles to differentiate are more extensively linked in node n and fuse completely with the nodal plexus in node n - I . The remaining 16-20 bundles from the leaf (intermediates) follow much the same course but develop more extensive connections with other bundles. The extensive plexus which develops in each node ensures vascular connections between most bundles. The significance of these in transport is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the proximal to distal regions of the petioles to identify 15 tree species of Papilionoideae-Fabaceae

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia Heneidak ◽  
Abdel Samai M Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Sophora Japonica ◽  
Secretory Cavities ◽  
Plant Taxon ◽  
Sophora Davidii ◽  
Vascular Trace ◽  
Stem Leaf

Comparative studies on the structure of the vascular supply of stem-leaf transitional zone of the petioles were carried out in 15 papilionoid tree species. Anatomical characteristics and changes in the main vascular trace were recorded. The anatomical features of significance include outline; epidermal cell; pericyclic fiber patterns; main petiolar vasculature; presence, number and separation of ridge vascular bundles; presence of additional accessory ridge bundles; crystal types; secretory elements and multicellular trichomes. Erythrina variegata and Pterocarpus indicus show no change in the petiole trace structure throughout their petioles from proximal to distal, while the rest of the species have minor to major changes. Sophora secundiflora has the highest number of ridge vascular bundles (5-6), while these are absent in the two Dalbergia species, E. variegata, Derris robusta, Sophora davidii and S. japonica. Only Derris robusta and Sophora japonica show unusual petiole trace structure by having two additional accessory ridge bundles adaxial of the main trace enclosing with it by a complete ring of pericyclic fibers. The studied species of tribe Millettieae show the presence of secretory cavities lined by epithelial cells. The usefulness of these character states is shown for assessing, identifying and delimiting these examined species. Key words: Accessory ridge bundles, Crystals, Papilionoideae, Petiole anatomy, Petiole vasculature, Ridge bundles, Secretory cavities DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.530 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 101-115, 2007 (December)

Salt-induced changes in the vegetative anatomy of Prosopis strombulifera (Leguminosae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 618-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herminda Reinoso ◽  
Laura Sosa ◽  
Lucía Ramírez ◽  
Virginia Luna
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Tolerant Plants ◽  
Ion Exclusion ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Early Activity

Seedlings of Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth. were grown hydroponically in Hoagland's solution with addition of 25 mmol/L NaCl every 48 h until final salt concentrations of 250, 500, and 700 mmol/L were reached. Control plants were grown without salt. Salinity induced anatomical changes in roots (young and mature zones), hypocotyls, young stems, and leaflets. The diameters of the young zone of roots of plants grown in increasing salt concentrations were smaller than those of controls, with reduced number of cortex layers and reduced size of the vascular system. The roots from tolerant plants showed precocious suberization and (or) lignification of the endodermal cells and early activity of the pericycle. Hypocotyl diameter was reduced along with a reduction in secondary phloem. Roots and hypocotyls showed abundant phellem formation. The stem diameter of young tolerant plants was notably diminished and less tissue lignification occurred. In stems and leaflets of treated plants, NaCl stimulated the production of tannins. In the leaflets, vascular bundles were similar in size. Groups of elongated parenchyma cells with many chloro plasts surrounded the bundles. These results suggest that in the absence of secretory organs, the anatomical modifications in this species are related to metabolic adaptations, such as an early development of the endodermal barrier for ion exclusion, to allow survival in high salinity.Key words: Prosopis strombulifera, anatomical changes, hydroponics, NaCl.

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