Comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on amaranthus hybridus l. and Amaranthus spinosus L.

The present study is set to investigate the comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on Amaranthus hybridus L. and Amaranthus spinosus L. which belong to the family Amaranthaceae. They are dicots pre-dominantly found in the Niger Delta Tropics, Nigeria. The species are annual erect herbs with flower inflorescences as elongated spikes which are mostly paniculate occurring at ends of branches in globose fashion in axils of leaves.The nodes often have pair of axillary spines. Flowers are small, greenish with male ones at the top while the female ones below the clusters and stem is greenish but often reddish with one-seeded capsule as fruit in Amaranthus spinosus which attains up to 80 ± 20cm in height whereas A. hybridus differ in absence of a pair of axillary spines, the stems are greenish or slightly pinkish which grows up to 100 ± 10cm in height. A. hybridus is more of a vegetable and has alternate phyllotaxi and narrow cuneate base. Fruits from both species are circumscissile capsules and their inflorescences are terminal racemes positioned at their axils with female perianth segments of five. Epidermal studies revealed amphistomatic stomata which is anisocytic type for both species. The stomatal index for A. spinosus adaxial foliar epidermis is 20% and the abaxial 20% whereas for A. hybridus adaxial is 20% and abaxial foliar stomatal index of 20%. Anatomical studies revealed open vascular system, collenchyma dominating the hypodermis while parenchyma occupied the general cortex and pith regions. A. hybridus has more vascular bundles and trichomes, and wider pith than A. spinosus. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are present in A. spinosus while alkaloids were absent only in A. hybridus. This may be the reason why A. spinosus is used more in tradomedicine than A.hybridus which served more as vegetable. Key Words: Morphology, Anatomy, Phytochemistry, Amaranthus, Amaranthaceae

THE INFLUENCE OF THE BASIC MOTOR ABILITIES ON THE FIVE ATHLETIC DISCIPLINES IN 17-YEAR-OLD STUDENTS

For the realization of the research, a research procedure was conducted on 250 male students from the fourth year in two municipal high schools, aged 17 to 18 years, with a difference in age of + six months. The subject of the research is the basic motor space in students, as a predictor system and their impact on the five athletic disciplines that are an integral part of the program in the competition system of the Federation of School Sports as a criterion system of variables. By applying the Multiple Regression Analysis, the influences of the predictors on each of the criterion variables were determined. Key words: morphology, motor abilities, regression analysis

THE GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION OF PHYSICAL ELEMENT’S OF KERATON KANOMAN’S SETTLEMENT AREA IN 1695-2019

- Cirebon is one city that has been established for a long time in the archipelago. The city of Cirebon existed before the Dutch arrived. The city that has long been experiencing a process of change is longer than other cities that are relatively newer. Cirebon at the beginning of its growth, was a city centered on the Kingdom and included in the cosmic city according to S. Kostof (1991). Settlements in Cirebon City were initially oriented to the Cirebon Palace, one of which was the Kanoman Palace. The settlements around the Kanoman Palace were originally settlements that surrounded and centered on the Kanoman Palace. These settlements experience growth and change to become the form they are now. The objection of the research is to find out how the growth and development (morphology) of a settlement and what elements of the settlement were lost or maintained by the local residents and the Kanoman Palace. Settlement elements that are seen as changes are roads, nodes, district groups, landmarks, and edges. To find out growth, development, and change, it is necessary to compare the physical elements based on the longest maps that can be found, namely maps of 1695 to maps in 2019. In addition to archival data, other data are sourced from direct observation to the Kawassan settlement of Kanoman Palace, interviews with elders and the family of the Kanoman Palace. It was concluded that the housing mass grew rapidly and still maintained the Kanoman Palace and the Square as a regional landmark that had symbolic historical and religious values. Key Words: morphology, maintained, settlement elements, Kraton Kanoman

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH WORD FORMATION PROCESSES IN BEATS APART NOVEL BY ALANDA KARIZA AND KEVIN ADITYA

This research discusses word formation process used in Beats Aparts novel By Alanda Kariza And Kevin Aditya. The aims to describe how are English word created and found out types of word formation processes. To analyze the data found the researchers applied English word formation in English morphology.This is qualitative descriptive research. The data were taken from Beats A parts novel By Alanda Kariza And Kevin Aditya. The main theory which was used in this research is taken from the book under the titleThe Study of Language,Third Edition byYule (2006). The result of this research showed that the process of borrowing from other language, there were Spain, China, French, Italy and Germany. The process of compounding, found out some category, there wereAdv + N, Adv + Adv, Adv + Adj, Adv + V, Adj + N, Adj + Adv, Adj + V, V + N, V + Adj, N + N, N + Adv, N + Adj, N + V. The process of clipping found out two category, there are foreclipped and backclipped. The process of conversion only found word from noun became adverb. The process of derivation consist from adding prefix such us un-, re-, dis-, im-. Adding suffix such us –ly, -ish, -er, -ness, -ion / tion, -able, -ful, -ship, -ment, -ate, -r, -en, -ity, -tic, -ism, -al, -ar. Adding infix such us –s-, -ly-, -bor-. The process of multiple processes is all words including multiple processes in this research have a word that covers the processes of back formation and derivation. This research found out types of English word formation processes such as borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, back formation, conversion, acronyms,derivation and multiple processes. The researcher hopes that this research can improve the knowledge about morphology, especially in word formation. Key words: Morphology, Word formation, Novel

THE IDENTIFICATION OF CENTRAL JAVA CLASSIC ERA’S ARCHITECTURE (BOROBUDUR AND PRAMBANAN, (9TH CENTURY) ON THE TEMPLE IN THE CAMBODIA’S TRASITIONAL ERA (BAKONG, 9TH CENTURY) MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY STUDIES (MASS ORGANIZATION, FLOOR PLAN, FIGURE AND ORNAMENTS)

Abstract- Architectural temples of the middle classical era such as Prambanan and Borobudur temples are thought to have inspired the temples in Indochina. It has become a common guess both among the tour guides in Cambodia or the researchers who reviewed the Khemer Kingdom Architecture. The existence of the relationship between the temple in Java and the temple in Cambodia is possible because Jayawarman II, who later build the kingdom of Khemer, once lived in Java when large middle classical temple style architecture was built. To find out the architectural connections of temples in Java and in Cambodia then the first thing to do is to know all the architectural unsurts in both temples. So the purpose of this study is to know the unsurts of spatial, plan, figures and temple ornaments of the middle classical era of Java and pre-Angkor temple era. This research is done by qualitative method of comparative. Qualitative research is applied by visiting and observing physical objects, then discussed using theories relating to research topics. While the object is selected using purposive sampling method, with the basic object of research is closely related to the style, wholeness and scale. Of the 80 points used in identifying architectural unsurts in the mass structure, floor plan, figures, and ornaments, the authors found 13 very similar points, 50 points to Bakong but not similar, and 17 points missing from Bakong. Based on these results the allegation that the temple of the middle classical era of Java has a relationship with the transitional era are becoming stronger. Key Words: morphology, architectural elements, Borobudur, Prambanan, Bakong

THE IDENTIFICATION OF CENTRAL JAVA CLASSIC ERA’S ARCHITECTURE (BOROBUDUR AND PRAMBANAN, (9TH CENTURY) ON THE TEMPLE IN THE CAMBODIA’S TRASITIONAL ERA (BAKONG, 9TH CENTURY) MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY STUDIES (MASS ORGANIZATION, FLOOR PLAN, FIGURE AND ORNAMENTS)

Abstract- Architectural temples of the middle classical era such as Prambanan and Borobudur temples are thought to have inspired the temples in Indochina. It has become a common guess both among the tour guides in Cambodia or the researchers who reviewed the Khemer Kingdom Architecture. The existence of the relationship between the temple in Java and the temple in Cambodia is possible because Jayawarman II, who later build the kingdom of Khemer, once lived in Java when large middle classical temple style architecture was built. To find out the architectural connections of temples in Java and in Cambodia then the first thing to do is to know all the architectural unsurts in both temples. So the purpose of this study is to know the unsurts of spatial, plan, figures and temple ornaments of the middle classical era of Java and pre-Angkor temple era. This research is done by qualitative method of comparative. Qualitative research is applied by visiting and observing physical objects, then discussed using theories relating to research topics. While the object is selected using purposive sampling method, with the basic object of research is closely related to the style, wholeness and scale. Of the 80 points used in identifying architectural unsurts in the mass structure, floor plan, figures, and ornaments, the authors found 13 very similar points, 50 points to Bakong but not similar, and 17 points missing from Bakong. Based on these results the allegation that the temple of the middle classical era of Java has a relationship with the transitional era are becoming stronger. Key Words: morphology, architectural elements, Borobudur, Prambanan, Bakong

ABORDAGEM CONSTRUCIONAL DA REDUPLICAÇÃO DE BASE VERBAL EM PORTUGUÊS CONSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH TO VERBAL BASE REDUCTION IN PORTUGUESE

Resumo: Neste artigo, pretendemos utilizar os dados de Vialli (2013), que reuniu, em sua tese de doutoramento, cerca de cem formas de composição reduplicativa em português, à luz do modelo de morfologia construcional (MC) originalmente proposto por Booij (2005, 2007, 2010). Esse modelo aplica a gramática das construções (GOLDBERG, 1995) ao componente morfológico, analisando as formações lexicais por meio de esquemas e subesquemas que representam o pareamento entre o polo formal e o polo semântico de palavras morfologicamente complexas. Entendendo que a reduplicação verbal (composição ViVi) pode ser satisfatoriamente descrita com os instrumentos da MC, procuramos explicar, formal e semanticamente, construções como “bate-bate” (“bater repetidamente”, “carrinho do parque de diversões”) e “agarra-agarra” (“agarrar repetidas vezes”), mostrando as motivações morfológicas e as extensões de significado desse tipo de formação e distinguindo-o da repetição, fenômeno que ocorre em nível sintático.Palavras-chave: Morfologia. Formação de palavras. Construção. Reduplicação. Composição.Abstract: In this article, we intend to explain the Vialli (2013)”s data – which met, in her doctoral thesis, about a hundred forms of reduplicative compounding in Brazilian Portuguese – based on constructional morphology model (MC), originally proposed by Booij (2005 2007, 2010). This model applies construction grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995) to morphology component, analyzing the lexical formations through schemes and subschemas representing the pairing between the formal pole and the semantic pole of morphologically complex words. Understanding that the verbal reduplication (composition ViVi) can be satisfactorily described with the instruments of MC, we try to explain, formal and semantically, formations such as "bat-bate" ("hit repeatedly"; "playground toy") and "agarra-agarra" (grab repeatedly), showing the morphological motivations and meaning extentions of this type of word-formation process and distinguishing it from the repetition phenomenon that occurs in the syntatic level. Key words: Morphology. Word formation. Construction. Reduplication. Compounding

MORFOLOGI CERITA RAKYAT MAK YONG DAERAH KAMPUNG MATANG ARANG, KECAMATAN BINTAN TIMUR, KEPULAUAN RIAU

AbstrakPenelitian ini mengambil karya sastra seni peran Mak Yong sebagai objek penelitian dan pokok masalah yang menjadi penelitian berkaitan dengan penyebaran fungsi tokoh cerita rakyat Mak Yong, berdasarkan teori strukturalisme Vlademir Propp, karena pembahasan terhadap karya sastra lama tersebut masih tergolong sedikit dan teori Vladimir Propp belum pernah diuji dalam cerita rakyat Mak Yong oleh peneliti sebelumnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pustaka, metode deskripsi dan metode struktural, karena berdasarkan metode tersebut dapat segera dikemukakan hasil penelitian, disertai pertanggungjawaban mengenai alasan pemilihan metode tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian (1) fungsi pelaku menjadi unsur yang stabil dan tetap di dalam sebuah cerita tanpa memandang bagaimana dan siapa yang melakukannya, (2) fungsi pelaku yang diketahui jumlahnya terbatas, (3) urutan fungsi pelaku di dalam cerita rakyat selalu sama dan (4) sebuah cerita rakyat memiliki kesamaan jika dipandang dari struktural. Kesimpulannya, hasil penelitian yang ditemui dalam cerita rakyat Mak Yong tidak ada perbedaan antara hasil penelitian fungsi pelaku menurut Vladimir Propp. Kata kunci: morfologi, foklor, Mak Yong AbstractThis research took the literary work of art of the role of Mak Yong as the research object and the subject matter of the research related to the deployment of the function figure folklore Mak Yong, based on the theory of structuralism Vlademir Propp, for a discussion of the work of old literature is still quite a bit and the theory of Vladimir Propp has not been tested in folklore Mak Yong by previous researchers. This study uses literature, method descriptions and structural methods, as based on the method can be immediately presented results of the study, along with the accountability of the reasons for the selection of the method. Based on the results of the study (1) the function of the perpetrator becomes an element that is stable and remains in a story regardless of how and who did it, (2) the function of the perpetrators are known to a limited number, (3) the order of the functions actors in folklore is always the same and ( 4) a folklore have in common when viewed from the structural. In conclusion, the results encountered in folklore Mak Yong is no difference between the results of research actors function according to Vladimir Propp. Key words: morphology, folklore, and Mak Yong

Fungi and the evolution of growth form

Fungi belong to the modular class of organisms characterized by an iterative, indeterminate mode of growth; internal age structure; localized rather than generalized senescence; cellular totipotency; and passive rather than active mobility. Growth form in the fungi therefore reflects their absorptive, sessile lifestyle. Aggregation/differentation of a few basic cell types gives rise to multicellular complexes associated with foraging, reproductive, survival, or dispersal activities. The morphological plasticity of fungi is analogous to but surpasses that of other modular creatures such as the benthic invertebrates and plants. For instance, in response to environmental signals, fungi can vary the timing, extent, and mode of differentiation; interconvert among different growth forms; and decouple the sexual and asexual phases of the life cycle. Evolutionary determinants of their form are phylogenetic constraint, adaptation, developmental constraint, ecophenotypic factors, and chance. Physiological determinants of their form relate primarily to morphogenesis of the cell wall and include the cytoskeleton and cytosis. Key words: morphology, morphogenesis, shape, allometry, modular, evolutionary.

Morphologie et architecture des hêtres tortillards à Verzy (Fagus sylvatica var. tortuosa)

Growth is analysed both in ordinary and twisted beeches located in Verzy near Reims, France. Most variables of annual and multiannual growth are the same in the two types of trees. Stems in the twisted tree are markedly sinuous from the moment they begin to develop and remain so, whereas in the ordinary tree the sinuosities are attenuated and then the stems are straightened, right from the first years of development. In the ordinary tree, the straightening of the stems is regulated at the level of the ramified branches and the crown; this regulation establishes a strict hierarchy among the stems according to the order of the stems in the ramification. However, in the twisted beech, this regulation is absent and consequently sinuous stems are not straightened, lateral stems stand up, and reiterations start. Therefore, the frame of the ordinary tree is simple and only composed of one morphogenetic sequence before metamorphosis whereas frame development in the twisted tree consists of several sequences. Key words: morphology, architecture, Verzy, twisted beech, Fagus sylvatica var. tortuosa.