Derivation of the springtime starch increase in balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1995-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Conifer Seedlings

The contents of starch, total sugar, crude fat, and moisture were determined during the spring (late March until mid-June) in needles, bark, and wood of 1-year-old balsam fir shoots variously shaded, defoliated, and girdled in late March. The starch content in control shoots peaked during the first week in June, about the time vigorous current shoot elongation began. Shading reduced the concentrations of both starch and total sugar throughout the experimental period, while defoliation decreased them after about mid-spring. Girdling increased the carbohydrate content during early spring in both shaded and unshaded shoots, but decreased it in defoliated shoots. It is concluded that the bulk of the starch accumulating in conifers during the spring is derived from current photosynthesis, the rest being regenerated from carbohydrates produced during the previous year and stored overwinter. Timing the lifting date to maximize the springtime accumulation of starch might be an important consideration when transplanting conifer seedlings.

Seasonal changes in carbohydrate and moisture content in needles of balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2021-2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Moisture Contents

Starch, total sugar, fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, crude fat, and moisture contents were determined for current and 1-year-old needles at about 2-week intervals throughout 1968. Seasonal fluctuations in moisture and carbohydrate content of each age of needles are described, compared, and related to seasonal changes in carbohydrate production and use.

Histochemistry of the dormant vascular cambium of Abies balsamea: changes associated with tree age and crown position

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 2082-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Riding ◽  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Cytoplasmic Rna ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Cambial Dormancy

On three dates during September–December, the histochemistry and dormancy status of cambial zone cells were investigated in 6- and 19-year-old balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees at the top of the crown (1-year-old cambium) and near the base of the bole (5- and 13-year-old cambium, respectively). The extent of dormancy on the date of collection and after 4 weeks in controlled-environment conditions favorable for growth indicated that a changeover between the dormancy stages of rest and quiescence occurred in all ages of the cambium during the experimental period. In trees of both ages, cambial dormancy began later, and the number of fusiform cells in the cambial zone was greater at the bottom of the tree than at the top. The staining intensities for total cytoplasmic RNA, protein, and insoluble carbohydrates in the fusiform cambial zone cells increased during the rest–quiescence transition at the top and bottom of the 6-year-old trees and at the top of the 19-year-old trees. However, no significant increase in RNA staining occurred at the bottom of the 19-year-old trees.

Production, storage, and use of photosynthate during shoot elongation in balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Loach ◽  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Photosynthetic Production ◽  
Intermediate Time

Rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration of 1-year-old and currently developing foliage were measured in the uppermost (i.e. 1-year-old) whorl of branches of 6-year-old balsam fir trees (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) during the period of extension growth of the current shoot. The rates were integrated to estimate net dry matter production by the two ages of foliage, and compared with dry matter requirements for growth of the new shoot (estimated from a regression equation of length over dry weight), and with cambial growth in the 1-year-old shoot (estimated from periodic harvests). The surplus of production over use in these two sinks was stored temporarily in the 1-year-old foliage or exported from the branch, the latter predominating. Two periods in which a large proportion of the photosynthetic production was exported (corresponding roughly to the months of May and July) were separated by a period when export was relatively low. At this intermediate time, current photosynthetic production was minimal and local growth demands were at their highest. Photosynthates stored in the 1-year-old foliage before budbreak supplemented current photosynthesis and permitted export to continue, except for a few days at the end of June. The contribution from stores in the old foliage, however, never exceeded one-third of current photosynthetic production. When extension growth terminated, a second transient storage peak occurred in the 1-year-old foliage for about 2 weeks. These observations explain the commonly observed reduction in root growth during current shoot extension, and corroborate results from studies made by other investigators using radioactive tracers.

Relationship Between the Starch Level at Budbreak and Current Shoot Growth in Abiesbalsamea L.

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Major Form ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate ◽  
And Storage

Shading and transplanting procedures were used to vary springtime carbohydrate production and storage in 5-year-old balsam fir and Norway spruce seedlings. Current leader growth, and pre- and postbudbreak levels of starch, total sugar, and water in needles, stems, and roots were measured. Leader growth in seedlings shaded only before budbreak was similar to that in unshaded controls, although at budbreak the shaded seedlings had accumulated substantially less starch, the major form of reserve carbohydrate. However, seedlings shaded only after budbreak grew less than unshaded controls, despite similar starch contents at budbreak. Leader growth in seedlings lifted before budbreak and replanted when budbreak occurred in the field was the same as that in seedlings transplanted at field-budbreak, although the starch content was lower in the prebudbreak-lifted seedlings. The results indicate that current shoot growth in these conifers is independent of the level of reserve carbohydrate accumulated in the spring before budbreak.

scholarly journals Correlation of Carbohydrate Content with the Changes in Amylase, Invertase and ?-Galactosidase Activity of Ripe Mango Pulp During Storage under Different Temperatures

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
N Absar ◽  
MA Ahsan
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Galactosidase Activity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Mango Pulp

Two good qualities of mango cultivars namely Fazli and Khirshapat, harvested at the full mature stage i.e. begining of ripening, have been stored at -5°C, 4°C and 25±2°C for 10 days and the changes in the content of amylase, invertase, β -galactosidase, starch, total sugar, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar of the pulp were analyzed after 2-days regular interval of time. The activities of all the enzymes examined in the study were found to be higher in mango-pulp at 25°C as compared to those in 4°C or -5°C. The activities of amylase and invertase decreased after 8-days of storage while that of β -galactosidase increased with the increasing days of storage mango pulp. Total sugar and non-reducing sugar content of mango were increased gradually while starch content was decreased sharply with the increasing days of storage of mature mango. Changes in carbohydrate during storage of mango was found to be associated with the content of amylase, invertase and β -galactosidase. At -5°C the enzymes as well as carbohydrate content of storage mango pulp changed slightly upto 4- days and thereafter the enzyme became fully dormant. Key Words: Ripe mango; Carbohydrate; Amylase; Invertase; β -galactosidase; Temperatures DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i4.9588 BJSIR 2011; 46(4): 443-446

Seasonal periodicity in the discharge of Pucciniastrum goeppertianum basidiospores

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Van Sickle
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Total Catch ◽  
Seasonal Periodicity ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Weather Variation

Discharge of Pucciniastrum goeppertianum (Kühn) Kleb. basidiospores from witches' brooms on lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. and V. myrtilloides Michx.) in central New Brunswick occurred at irregular intervals from mid-May to late June in 1973 and 1974, but more than 75% of the total catch occurred in a 1-week period each year. Annual timings were related to spring weather variation so that discharge peaks each year coincided with shoot elongation of the aecial host, balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). Measurable rainfall preceded all major discharge peaks; relative humidity and temperature were factors only as they affected the rate of drying of the hypertrophied twigs. Basidiospore concentration at 15, 90, and 150 cm above the ground level brooms decreased at a ratio of 7:2:1.

scholarly journals Shoot and Bud Development in Balsam Fir: Implications for Pruning of Christmas Trees

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Significant Response ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Different Types

The processes of development of shoots and buds of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and the positions of buds of different types and with differing degrees of development, are described as a basis for understanding what happens in response to pruning of portions of shoots (shearing) at different times of year. The greatest response in shoot and bud development will result from pruning in late July and early August. Degree of response will decrease with advancing time of pruning from August to October. Pruning from late March to early May will produce less, bud significant response in subsequent bud development but little in first-season shoot development. Pruning from November to March can be as effective as pruning in late March and early April, but risks of damage are greater. Pruning in the most active phase of shoot elongation (June to mid-July) is not advisable.

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

scholarly journals Mixed Regional Shifts in Conifer Productivity under 21st-Century Climate Projections in Canada’s Northeastern Boreal Forest

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Tyler Searls ◽  
James Steenberg ◽  
Xinbiao Zhu ◽  
Charles P.-A. Bourque ◽  
Fan-Rui Meng
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Model Validation ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Climate Projections

Models of forest growth and yield (G&Y) are a key component in long-term strategic forest management plans. Models leveraging the industry-standard “empirical” approach to G&Y are frequently underpinned by an assumption of historical consistency in climatic growing conditions. This assumption is problematic as forest managers look to obtain reliable growth predictions under the changing climate of the 21st century. Consequently, there is a pressing need for G&Y modelling approaches that can be more robustly applied under the influence of climate change. In this study we utilized an established forest gap model (JABOWA-3) to simulate G&Y between 2020 and 2100 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). Simulations were completed using the province’s permanent sample plot data and surface-fitted climatic datasets. Through model validation, we found simulated basal area (BA) aligned with observed BA for the major conifer species components of NL’s forests, including black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton et al.] and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill]. Model validation was not as robust for the less abundant species components of NL (e.g., Acer rubrum L. 1753, Populus tremuloides Michx., and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Our simulations generally indicate that projected climatic changes may modestly increase black spruce and balsam fir productivity in the more northerly growing environments within NL. In contrast, we found productivity of these same species to only be maintained, and in some instances even decline, toward NL’s southerly extents. These generalizations are moderated by species, RCP, and geographic parameters. Growth modifiers were also prepared to render empirical G&Y projections more robust for use under periods of climate change.

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