Seasonal changes in carbohydrate and moisture content in needles of balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2021-2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Moisture Contents

Starch, total sugar, fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, crude fat, and moisture contents were determined for current and 1-year-old needles at about 2-week intervals throughout 1968. Seasonal fluctuations in moisture and carbohydrate content of each age of needles are described, compared, and related to seasonal changes in carbohydrate production and use.

Derivation of the springtime starch increase in balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1995-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Conifer Seedlings

The contents of starch, total sugar, crude fat, and moisture were determined during the spring (late March until mid-June) in needles, bark, and wood of 1-year-old balsam fir shoots variously shaded, defoliated, and girdled in late March. The starch content in control shoots peaked during the first week in June, about the time vigorous current shoot elongation began. Shading reduced the concentrations of both starch and total sugar throughout the experimental period, while defoliation decreased them after about mid-spring. Girdling increased the carbohydrate content during early spring in both shaded and unshaded shoots, but decreased it in defoliated shoots. It is concluded that the bulk of the starch accumulating in conifers during the spring is derived from current photosynthesis, the rest being regenerated from carbohydrates produced during the previous year and stored overwinter. Timing the lifting date to maximize the springtime accumulation of starch might be an important consideration when transplanting conifer seedlings.

scholarly journals Peach Pistil Carbohydrate and Moisture Contents and Growth during Controlled Deacclimation following Ethephon Application

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Durner ◽  
Thomas J. Gianfagna
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Fall Application

Flower bud growth and carbohydrate content of pistils of two peach cultivars [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cvs. Jerseydawn and Jerseyglo] was studied during controlled postrest deacclimation in February and March at 7 and 21C following an application of ethephon (100 mg·liter-1, in October. Ethephon-treated pistils contained more sorbitol and sucrose than untreated pistils, and levels of both sugars decreased during deacclimation. Sorbitol content decreased more rapidly at 21C than at 7C in February, but no difference was detected in March. Fructose content increased during deacclimation in February and was not affected by cultivar, ethephon treatment, or deacclimation temperature. In March, fructose increased in untreated `Jerseydawn' pistils during deacclimation, but not in ethephontreated pistils. In `Jerseyglo', fructose was detected in all samples and declined during deacclimation. Glucose was not detected in treated pistils in February. In untreated pistils, glucose increased during deacclimation. In March, glucose was not detected in `Jerseydawn' pistils reacclimated at 7C. At 21C, glucose was detected only in untreated pistils after 2, 3, or 4 days of deacclimation. In `Jerseyglo', glucose was detected in all pistils. Moisture content of ethephon-treated pistils was lower than untreated pistils in both February and March. Pistil moisture content during deacclimation increased more slowly in ethephon-treated pistils than in untreated pistils in February, but not in March. Pistils sampled in March had a lower moisture content when reacclimated at 7C than at 21C. Pistil growth at 21C was slower in ethephon-treated buds than in untreated buds, but no difference was detected at 7C. The effects of a fall application of ethephon on the carbohydrate content of flower buds in relation to both winter deacclimation and growth in the spring are discussed. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphoric acid (ethephon).

Seasonal changes in intra-tree distribution of immature balsam fir sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne J. Anstey ◽  
Dan T. Quiring ◽  
Don P. Ostaff
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Tree Distribution ◽  
Neodiprion Abietis ◽  
Early Instar

AbstractA field study was carried out to determine the intracrown distribution of the balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis Harris (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), throughout the season on balsam fir, Abies balsamea L. (Pinaceae), during the first 2 years of an outbreak in western Newfoundland. Eggs were usually laid one per needle on current-year shoots, and the following year, newly emerged larvae usually initiated feeding on the same shoots. Balsam fir sawfly larvae were gregarious on needle and shoot levels in the early instars but gradually became solitary as larvae developed. The process of becoming solitary was not due to the increased physical area required for the growing larvae as some older individuals, in mainly solitary stages, were seen feeding together. Unlike the continuous change from gregarious to solitary at the needle and shoot levels, the seasonal variation in larval density among whorls varied in an inconsistent manner. The majority of early-instar larvae were found in the middle crown, but on at least one date in both years the majority of late instars were in the lower crown. Seventy-five percent of crawling larvae trapped within the crown were third and fourth instars, suggesting that changes in the intra-tree distribution are due to larval movement.

KARAKTERISTIK BROWNIES KUKUS TEPUNG JEWAWUT (Setarica italica) DAN TEPUNG MAIZENA DENGAN PENGARUH LAMA PROSES PENGUKUSAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernaulli Putri Mulyanto ◽  
Yustina Wuri Wulandari ◽  
Akhmad Mustofa
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
Process Duration ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

      Brownies merupakan cake coklat yang terbuat dari tepung terigu, lemak, telur, gula pasir dan coklat. Metode pemasakan brownies ada dua yaitu pemanggangan dan pengukusan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tepung jewawut dan tepung maizena agar dihasilkan brownies kukus bebas gluten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formulasi tepung yang memiliki kadar protein tertinggi pada brownies dan untuk mengetahui lama pengukusan yang optimal sehingga menghasilkan brownies kukus tepung jewawut dan tepung jagung yang paling disukai. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan dua faktorial yaitu faktor pertama ratio tepung jewawut dan tepung jagung (50:50, 40:60 dan 30:70), sedangkan faktor kedua lama pengukusan (30 menit, 40 menit dan 50 menit). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Brownies kukus tepung jewawut dan tepung jagung dengan ratio 50:50 dan lama pengukusan 50 menit merupakan ratio yang terbaik karena memiliki kadar protein paling tinggi yaitu 5.828%.  Pada perlakuan ini menghasilkan 19.967% kadar air, 1.585% kadar abu, 1.786% gula total, serta uji organoleptik terhadap warna 3.590 (coklat gelap), tekstur 3.340 (lembut), flavor jewawut 2.855 (sedikit terasa) dan kesukaan keseluruhan 3.285 (disukai). Kata kunci : Brownies, tepung jewawut, tepung jagung, kadar protein.  ABSTRACT      Brownies is chocolate cakes made from flour, fat, eggs, sugar and chocolate. There are two methods of cooking brownies namely roasting and steaming. This study uses millet flour and maizena flour to produced gluten free steamed brownies. This study aims to determine the best of flour formulated which has highest protein content in steamed brownies and to knew the optimal steaming time that produced the most favored  of  steamed brownies millet flour and  corn flour. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factorials, the first factor is ratio of millet flour and corn flour (50:50, 40:60 and 30:70), while the second factor was the duration of steaming process (30, 40 and 50 minutes). The result of the study showed steamed flour of millet flour and corn flour with ratio of 50:50 and with steamed process duration 50 minutes is the best ratio because it had the highest protein content of 5.828%.  In this treatment yielded 19.97% moisture content, 1.585% ash content, 1.786% total sugar and organoleptic test is 3.590 (dark chocolate) colors, 3.340 (soft) texture, 2.855 (slightly felt) millet flavors and 3.285 (preferred) overall preferences. Keywords :  Brownies, millet flour, corn flour, protein content

The Smoulder Stream of Cigarettes / Zur Kenntnis des Glimmstromes von Cigaretten

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Seehofer ◽  
W. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Cigarette Paper ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe phenomenon of the smoulder stream flowing through the cigarette during smouldering and during the puff intervals is demonstrated for the first time and its dependence upon physical conditions is examined. The volume of the smoulder stream can amount up to 180 ml per cigarette. Increasing draw resistance of the cigarette and augmenting moisture content of the tobacco as well as perforation of the cigarette paper have a decreasing effect on volume and velocity of the smoulder stream. The porosity of the cigarette paper has no perceptible influence. The spatial position of the cigarette affects volume and velocity of the smoulder stream. The influence exercised by the smoulder stream on the yields of total condensate, nicotine, phenols, aldehydes, and acroleine when the cigarette tip is open during the puff intervals is determined. When the moisture contents of the tobacco were extremely high, yield decreases reaching 50 % could be observed.

Developing a Linearization Method to Determine Optimum Blending for Surimi with Varied Moisture Contents Using Linear Programming

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon W. Park ◽  
Jae W. Park ◽  
Won B. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Linearization Method ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Critical Moisture

AbstractNovel algorithm to determine the least cost formulation of a surimi blend was developed using linear programming (LP). Texture properties and the unit cost of surimi blend at the target moisture content were used as constraint functions and the objective function, respectively. The mathematical models to describe the moisture content dependence of the ring tensile properties were developed using critical moisture content, and the model parameters were used for the least cost LP (LCLP) model. The LCLP model successfully predicted the quality of surimi blend. Sensitivity analysis was used to obtain an additional information when the perturbations of design variables are provided. A standard procedure to determine the least cost formulation for blending surimi with varied moisture contents was systematically developed.

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Softening Characteristics of Sandstone and Mudstone in Relation to Moisture Content

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui-chen Li ◽  
Chong-chong Qi ◽  
Yuan-tian Sun ◽  
Xiao-lin Tang ◽  
Bao-quan Hou
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Surface Porosity ◽  
Shear Tests ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Dynamic Finite Element ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Underground Roadway ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of fluid-solid coupling during immersion is an important topic of investigation in rock engineering. Two rock types, sandstone and mudstone, are selected in this work to study the correlation between the softening characteristics of the rocks and moisture content. This is achieved through detailed studies using scanning electron microscopy, shear tests, and evaluation of rock index properties during exposure to different moisture contents. An underground roadway excavation is simulated by dynamic finite element modeling to analyze the effect of moisture content on the stability of the roadway. The results show that moisture content has a significant effect on shear properties reduction of both sandstone and mudstone, which must thus be considered in mining or excavation processes. Specifically, it is found that the number, area, and diameter of micropores, as well as surface porosity, increase with increasing moisture content. Additionally, stress concentration is negatively correlated with moisture content, while the influenced area and vertical displacement are positively correlated with moisture content. These findings may provide useful input for the design of underground roadways.

scholarly journals Mixed Regional Shifts in Conifer Productivity under 21st-Century Climate Projections in Canada’s Northeastern Boreal Forest

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Tyler Searls ◽  
James Steenberg ◽  
Xinbiao Zhu ◽  
Charles P.-A. Bourque ◽  
Fan-Rui Meng
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Model Validation ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Climate Projections

Models of forest growth and yield (G&Y) are a key component in long-term strategic forest management plans. Models leveraging the industry-standard “empirical” approach to G&Y are frequently underpinned by an assumption of historical consistency in climatic growing conditions. This assumption is problematic as forest managers look to obtain reliable growth predictions under the changing climate of the 21st century. Consequently, there is a pressing need for G&Y modelling approaches that can be more robustly applied under the influence of climate change. In this study we utilized an established forest gap model (JABOWA-3) to simulate G&Y between 2020 and 2100 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). Simulations were completed using the province’s permanent sample plot data and surface-fitted climatic datasets. Through model validation, we found simulated basal area (BA) aligned with observed BA for the major conifer species components of NL’s forests, including black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton et al.] and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill]. Model validation was not as robust for the less abundant species components of NL (e.g., Acer rubrum L. 1753, Populus tremuloides Michx., and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Our simulations generally indicate that projected climatic changes may modestly increase black spruce and balsam fir productivity in the more northerly growing environments within NL. In contrast, we found productivity of these same species to only be maintained, and in some instances even decline, toward NL’s southerly extents. These generalizations are moderated by species, RCP, and geographic parameters. Growth modifiers were also prepared to render empirical G&Y projections more robust for use under periods of climate change.

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