Studies on ectomycorrhizae of pine in an electronically air-filtered, air-conditioned, plant-growth room

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1903-1909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Marx ◽  
W. Craig Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Airborne Spores ◽  
Aseptic Culture ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Forest Conditions ◽  
Forest Humus ◽  
Pine Species

An air-filtered, air-conditioned, plant-growth room is described and results of initial studies on ectomycorrhizae of pine in the room are presented. The room was fumigated with methyl bromide and maintained free of airborne spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi for 5 months.In the room, loblolly pine seedlings in pots of soil infested with forest humus developed ectomycorrhizae, whereas several hundred control loblolly pine seedlings did not form ectomycorrhizae. Eleven pine species grown in flats of soil infested with either of two isolates of Thelephora terrestris formed morphologically indistinguishable ectomycorrhizae. Noninoculated seedlings of the same pine species did not form ectomycorrhizae but developed dichotomously branched short roots and root hairs.Outside the room, 90% of loblolly pine seedlings grown in pots developed four different ectomycorrhizal forms, regardless of treatment. The 11 species of pine in flats of initially uninfested soil formed abundant ectomycorrhizae with at least two airborne symbionts, one of which was T. terrestris.Large numbers of pine seedlings with and without specific ectomycorrhizal associations can be studied in other than aseptic culture in the room. In this manner, natural forest conditions can be more closely duplicated for studies on ectomycorrhizal versus nonmycorrhizal relationships.

Pure culture synthesis of ectomycorrhizae by Thelephora terrestris and Pisolithus tinctorius on different conifer hosts

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Marx ◽  
W. Craig Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Pure Culture Synthesis

In a special plant-growth room, isolates of Thelephora terrestris produced basidiocarps and formed typical ectomycorrhizae with seedlings of bristlecone, jack, sand, lodgepole, shortleaf, slash, sugar, Austrian, longleaf, cluster, ponderosa, red, pitch, eastern white, Scots, loblolly, and Virginia pines and Douglas fir. Atypical mycorrhizae (lacking mantle) were formed on seedlings of Norway spruce and jack, Japanese red, and Himalayan pines. The formation of atypical mycorrhizae was considered a result of differences in the symbiotic–parasitic nature of the fungal symbionts on different hosts. Pisolithus tinctorius formed typical mycorrhizae with seedlings of jack, sand, Japanese red, shortleaf, slash, Austrian, longleaf, cluster, red, pitch, eastern white, Scots, loblolly, and Virginia pines. Reisolation of specific fungal symbionts from mycorrhizae of several pine hosts was successful.Mycorrhizae formed by T. terrestris were macroscopically and microscopically different from those of P. tinctorius, but mycorrhizae formed by different isolates of T. terrestris were indistinguishable from each other, regardless of host. These results suggest that the fungal symbiont determines color and morphology of ectomycorrhizae.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Southern Pine Seedlings to Clopyralid

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Pine Species

Abstract Tolerance of three pine species to postemergence applications of clopyralid was examined at ten southern nurseries over a 2 yr period. The herbicide was applied at various times during May, June, and July. At time of lifting, seedling morphology was evaluated (root-collar diameter, shoot height, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (P. palustdds Mill.) were tolerant to 210 to 840 g acid equivalent (ae)/ha. However, epinasty was occasionally observed on both loblolly pine and slash pine. The injury symptoms were ephemeral and seedlings appeared normal 3 months after treatment. Results from these tests suggest some pine species are tolerant to this herbicide at the seedling stage. As a result of this research, this herbicide can be legally used in many southern pine nurseries to control troublesome weeds such as sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggerweed (Desmodium tortuosum [Sw.] DC.), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) and other annual broadleaf weeds. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):51-56.

Aseptic synthesis of ectomycorrhizae on Pinus taeda by basidiospores of Thelephora terrestris

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Marx ◽  
Eldon W. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Basidiospores of Thelephora terrestris introduced into root substrates of aseptic loblolly pine seedlings formed abundant ectomycorrhizae after 2½ months. Cultures isolated from the mycorrhizae were identical with the culture used to form the basidiocarp.

Carbofuran Affects Growth and Ectomycorrhizal Development of Loblolly Pine Seedlings

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. DeBarr ◽  
Donald H. Marx
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Biological Interaction ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Greenhouse Test ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Soil-incorporated carbofuran (Furadan®) at 0.44 g active ingredient (AI) per seedling reduced ectomycorrhizal development by Pisolithus tinctorius and growth of 1-0 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings after five months in a greenhouse test. Seedlings with P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae and without carbofuran were significantly taller and had greater top, root, and total fresh weights than those with any other insecticide-symbiont combination. Ectomycorrhizal development by Thelephora terrestris was not significantly affected by carbofuran. Carbofuran, especially at 0.22 or 0.44 g AI per seedling, reduced seedling growth regardless of ectomycorrhizal status. Results of this greenhouse test suggest a biological interaction between carbofuran and ectomycorrhizal fungi; additional studies are needed to determine if this effect also occurs under field conditions. However, the use of this insecticide to control the Nantucket pine tip moth or the pales and the pitch-eating weevils in outplantings has the biological potential to decrease the benefits of specific ectomycorrhizae to the survival and growth of loblolly pine.

scholarly journals Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Pinus densiflora Seedlings under Flooding Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4367
Author(s):  
Yoonhee Cho ◽  
Shinnam Yoo ◽  
Myung Soo Park ◽  
Ji Seon Kim ◽  
Chang Sun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Suillus Luteus ◽  
Flooding Stress ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Rhizopogon Luteolus

Flooding is an environmental stress for plants that not only limits aeration and nutrient acquisition, but also disturbs underground plant-associated fungal communities. Despite frequent flooding, red pine (Pinus densiflora) seedlings thrive in streamside environments. However, whether the compatible ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) of red pine are affected by natural flooding is unclear. As EMF are vital symbionts for the development of many trees and allow them to overcome various environmental stresses, in this study, the EMF species associated with red pine seedlings in a streamside environment in Korea were investigated after flooding. The EMF species in 47 seedlings collected from the streamside site were identified by observing their different morphotypes using internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, and a total of 10 EMF species were identified. The EMF species diversity was lower than that in samples collected from a nearby forest analyzed as a control. The dominant EMF species of streamside seedlings included Amphinema spp., Rhizopogon luteolus, Suillus luteus, and Thelephora terrestris. This study could serve as a basis for investigating the mechanisms by which advantageous EMF aid plant development under flooding stress.

Growth and gas exchange of loblolly pine seedlings as influenced by drought and air pollutants

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woong S. Lee ◽  
Boris I. Chevone ◽  
John R. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Pine Seedlings

scholarly journals The Association of a Longidorus Species with Stunting and Root Damage of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Seedlings

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 803-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Fraedrich ◽  
Michelle M. Cram
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

A Longidorus species was consistently associated with patches of stunted and chlorotic loblolly pine seedlings at a forest-tree nursery in Georgia. Seedlings from affected areas had poorly developed root systems that lacked lateral and feeder roots. Longidorus population densities in composite soil samples from the margins of patches ranged from 9 to 67 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. In a growth chamber experiment, seedling root dry weight decreased with respect to the initial Longidorus dose as well as the final Longidorus populations in containers. The dry root weight of seedlings were 0.117, 0.090, 0.066, and 0.065 g in containers initially infested with 0, 50, 100, and 200 Longidorus, respectively. Lateral and fine roots were lacking on seedlings at the highest doses. Populations of Longidorus increased in all containers during the experiment. Damage to loblolly pine seedlings caused by Longidorus is a previously undescribed problem in southern pine nurseries. Proper diagnosis of the problem by nematode testing laboratories may require the use of extraction techniques specific for larger nematodes such as Longidorus.

scholarly journals Fungicides Improve Field Performance of Stored Loblolly and Longleaf Pine Seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Brissette ◽  
James P. Barnett ◽  
John P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Seedlings of loblolly and longleaf pine lifted in December, January, and February were treated with either benomyl or ridomil before cold storage. Along with an untreated control, they were planted after cold storage of less than 1 wk, 3 wk, and 6 wk. Survival was measured in mid-June after planting, and after 1 and 4 yr in the field. Total height was measured after 4 yr. The fungicide application increased survival of both species lifted in December or February and was beneficial to longleaf pine seedlings regardless of storage duration. Fungicide-treated longleaf pine seedlings had greater mean 4 yr height than the controls, but fungicides did not affect the height of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1): 5-9.

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