Studies in the Alismataceae. I. Developmental morphology of Echinodorus tenellus

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1345-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Regular Sequence ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Reproductive Shoot ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Unlimited Growth ◽  
Regular Alternation

Development of each shoot of Echinodorus tenellus proceeds through a vegetative phase when foliage leaves are formed and enters an abruptly initiated reproductive phase, when only scale leaves are formed, by conversion of the meristem into a different form, while a large and precocious bud in the axil of the last foliage leaf continues vegetative development. The reproductive meristem may, according to conditions, form an inflorescence or a “pseudostolon” with vegetative axillary buds in place of flowers. Both inflorescence and pseudostolon show a regular sequence of long and short internodes and a regular alternation of scale leaves with and without axillary buds, though the pattern of the inflorescence is less regular than that of the pseudostolon and the inflorescence has a terminal flower while the pseudostolon has unlimited growth. Phyllotaxis varies according to the stage of development of the plant and in the reproductive shoot is largely determined by the patterns of internode elongation and bud distribution. The significance of the developmental pattern is discussed.

Inflorescence development in Amelanchier alnifolia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1680-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret W. Steeves ◽  
Taylor A. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Inflorescence Size ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Foliage Leaf

The morphology and development of the inflorescence of Amelanchier alnifolia, a potential fruit crop, are described. Although racemelike in appearance, the 8- to 12-flowered inflorescence is determinate, and the occasional branching of the basal member indicates its compound nature. This basal member in the axil of a foliage leaf frequently bears three to four bracteoles instead of the two characteristic of the remaining lateral flowers, and an arrested bud may be found in the axil of one or more of the bracteoles. The inflorescence is thus interpreted as a much reduced panicle. The phenology of inflorescence development in relation to seasonal shoot growth has been documented. Transformation of vegetative shoot apices to the flowering condition begins after the differentiation of a set of cataphylls and as the current fruit crop is ripening. It is marked by the accelerated formation of bract primordia with precocious axillary buds, culminating after about 2 weeks with the initiation of a terminal flower. Although the last to be formed, the terminal flower at all subsequent stages is equivalent in development to those at the base of the inflorescence. The buds in the axils of three to five bracts immediately below the terminal flower are arrested at an early stage and variation in inflorescence size may in part be due to variability in their development.

Studies in the Alismataceae. II. Inflorescences of Alismataceae

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
The Family ◽  
Unlimited Growth ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Lateral Structures ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Aspects of morphology and development of alismataceous inflorescences have been studied. The inflorescences are always terminal, and transition of the vegetative meristem to the reproductive state is accompanied by the formation of a large vegetative bud in the axil of the last foliage leaf formed before transition. The inflorescences of the family are almost all built on a common plan with bracts in false whorls of 3 on the main axis (and branches when present). The basic structure subtended by the bracts is a bostrycoid complex of flowers (or branches and flowers in the lower parts of some large inflorescences). Modifications of various kinds occur in different cases: the bostryx may be reduced to a single flower; vegetative buds may occur in flower positions in bostryces; a single vegetative bud may replace a whole bostryx in inflorescences much modified in relation to vegetative reproduction. Development of bostrycoid complexes is dependent on formation of buds in prophyll axils and does not occur where prophylls cannot be detected. Some species have inflorescences in which a diversity of lateral structures is associated with each pseudowhorl of bracts and these are termed heterogeneous inflorescences, in contradistinction to homogeneous inflorescences, in which all the lateral structures in a pseudowhorl are of the same kind. Main and branch axes of an inflorescence normally terminate in a flower. Exceptions occur in some (possibly advanced) types in which inflorescence growth is terminated by abortion, and in specialized inflorescences modified in relation to vegetative reproduction which have unlimited growth. The data presented are discussed from systematic, evolutionary, and morphogenetic points of view.

The Developmental Morphology of Leea guineensis. I. Vegetative Development

1990 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian R. Lacroix ◽  
Jean M. Gerrath ◽  
Usher Posluszny
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Vegetative Development

scholarly journals Axillary bud and pericycle involved in the thickening process of the rhizophore nodes in Smilax species

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Appezzato-da-Glória ◽  
JM Silva ◽  
MKM Soares ◽  
AN Soares ◽  
AR Martins
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Forested Areas

AbstractThe species of the genus Smilax, popularly known as sarsaparilla, are widely used in folk medicine due to the antirheumatic properties of its underground structures. Smilax fluminensis and S. syphilitica occur in forested areas and form thickened stems called rhizophores from which adventitious roots grow. To provide information for more accurate identification of the commercialised product and for elucidating the process of stem thickening, a morphology and anatomy study of the underground organs of the two species was conducted. The adventitious roots differ in colour and diameter depending on the stage of development. They are white and have a larger diameter in the early stages of development, but as they grow, the adventitious roots become brown and have a smaller diameter due to the disintegration of the epidermis and virtually the entire cortex. In brown roots, the covering function is then performed by the lignified endodermis and the remaining walls of the cells from the last parenchyma cortical layer. These results are similar to those found in studies of other Smilax and suggest that the anatomy of the roots can be useful for identifying fraud in commercialised materials. The thickening process of the nodal regions of the rhizophores in both species involves the activity of axillary buds and pericyclic layers.

Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. III. Vegetative development in Parthenocissus inserta

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Gerrath ◽  
U. Posluszny
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Multiple Orders

The vegetative shoot of Parthenocissus inserta (Kerner) Fritsch. was examined both histologically and three dimensionally. The shoot apex produces uncommitted primordia at two nodes of a three-node, five-primordium cycle. The primordia can be summarized as follows: (i) a leaf opposite a lower uncommitted primordium, arising above a leaf and low on the apical flank; (ii) a leaf either opposite an upper uncommitted primordium or without an uncommitted primordium opposite it, in both instances arising directly above an uncommitted primordium and high on the apical flank; (iii) a lower uncommitted primordium, arising above and opposite a leaf and high on the flank of the apex; (iv) an upper uncommitted primordium, arising above and opposite a leaf and low on the flank of the apex. The uncommitted primordium may develop into either an inflorescence or a tendril. Tendril growth is sympodial, usually with three orders of branching. Tendrils may, on occasion, develop adhesive discs at their tips, but most commonly the tips disintegrate. Axillary buds are present at the upper tendril node and the tendrilless node. Their initiation is more precocious at the tendrilless node. The pattern of development is the same for both, in that both form multiple orders of buds, each in the axil of the prophyll of the preceding one.

scholarly journals Management of Fertigation in Horticultural Crops through Automation with Electrotensiometers: Effect on the Productivity of Water and Nutrients

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Juana I. Contreras ◽  
Rafael Baeza ◽  
José G. López ◽  
Gema Cánovas ◽  
Francisca Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Soil Matric Potential ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Activation Threshold ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Nutrient Productivity

Water and nutrient requirements of horticultural crops are influenced by different factors such as: Type of crop, stage of development and production system. Although greenhouse horticultural crops are more efficient in the use of water and fertilizers compared to other production systems, it is necessary increase efficiency for which individualized fertigation strategies must be designed for each greenhouse. The automation of fertigation based on the level of soil moisture allows optimization of management. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of the activation command of fertigation with electrotensiometers and the characteristics of the greenhouse on the productivity of the crop and the efficiency of use of water and nutrients in a sweet pepper crop. The trial was developed in two greenhouses. Four treatments were studied, combination of who two-factor: Soil matric potential (SMP) (SMP−10: Automatic activation of irrigation to −10 kPa and SMP−20: Automatic activation of irrigation to −20 kPa) and greenhouse characteristics (G1 and G2). The nutritive solution applied was the same in all treatments. The yield and volume of water and nutrients applied were determined, calculating the productivity of the water (WP), as well as productivity the nutrients. The fertigation activation threshold of −10 kPa presented the best results, increasing the yield and conserving WP and nutrient productivity with respect to −20 kPa in both greenhouses. The automation of irrigation with electrotensiometers allowed the application of different volume of fertigation demanded by the crop in each greenhouse, equalizing the WP and nutrient productivity without producing drainage. The pepper crop in the greenhouse G1 presented greater vegetative development, higher yield and demanded a greater volume of fertigation than G2 regardless of the activation threshold. This was due to the fact that the soil matric potential after irrigation in greenhouse G1 was closer to zero, being able to conclude that not only the soil matric potential threshold of irrigation activation has an influence on crop, but also the potential registered after irrigation. Soil matric potentials closer to zero are more productive.

Effect of Low Temperature on Floral Induction of Eucalyptus lansdowneana F. Muell. & J. Brown subsp. lansdowneana

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Moncur
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Radiation Conditions ◽  
Short Days

Transferring seedlings of Eucalyptus lansdowneana from a heated glasshouse (24/19°C) to a cold glasshouse (15/10°C) for 5 or 10 weeks and back to the heated glasshouse was sufficient to induce floral buds. Bud production was further enhanced when seedlings were transferred to cold conditions during periods of high solar radiation. Under low levels of solar radiation and short duration of cold, 0-5 weeks, plants reverted to vegetative development, suggesting a low floral induction stimulus. Seedlings that produced a visible floral inflorescence had fewer leaves than seedlings grown under similar conditions that had not produced an inflorescence. This was more noticeable under high-radiation conditions. Plants grown under outside conditions in Canberra and transferred to a heated glasshouse (25/ 18°C) during winter initiated inflorescences 7-9 weeks earlier than plants grown continuously outside. The early initiation enabled buds to develop and flower before the onset of the following winter. More buds were initiated in plants transferred to the glasshouse in September compared with 16 June or 28 July. Plants transferred on 16 June initiated few buds or none at all. These plants may have been in a juvenile or transitional stage of development, experienced insufficient cold for full induction or been limited by the low winter irradiances. Floral response occurred under both long days (phytotron) and short days under outside conditions in Canberra, suggesting that E. lansdowneana may well be relatively insensitive to day length. These results are discussed in relation to controlled breeding programs which aim to manipulate flowering time and duration to decrease the generation interval.

scholarly journals Vegetative phase change in Populus tremula x alba

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica H. Lawrence ◽  
Aaron R. Leichty ◽  
Cathleen Ma ◽  
Steven H. Strauss ◽  
R. Scott Poethig
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
List Type ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change

SummaryPlants transition through juvenile and adult phases of vegetative development in a process known as vegetative phase change (VPC). In poplars (genus Populus) the differences between these stages are subtle, making it difficult to determine when this transition occurs. Previous studies of VPC in poplars have relied on plants propagated in vitro, so the normal nature of this process is still unknown.We examined developmental morphology of seed-grown and in vitro derived Populus tremula x alba (clone 717-1B4), and compared the phenotype of these, to plants over- and under-expressing miR156, the master regulator of VPC.In seed-grown plants, most traits changed from node-to-node during the first 3 months of development but remained relatively constant starting around node 25. Most of these traits remained unchanged in clones over-expressing miR156, demonstrating they are regulated by the miR156/SPL pathway. Leaf fluttering--a characteristic of Populus tremula (“quaking aspen”)--is one of these miR156-regulated traits.Vegetative development in plants grown from culture mirrored that of seed-grown plants, allowing direct comparison between plants often used in research and those found in nature. These results provide a foundation for further research on the role of VPC in the ecology and evolution of this economically important genus.

The n-alkane concentrations in buds and leaves of browsed broadleaf trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. PIASENTIER ◽  
S. BOVOLENTA ◽  
F. MALOSSINI
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Total N ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
Broadleaf Tree ◽  
Chemical Discrimination ◽  
The Individual

The concentration of n-alkanes in the cuticular wax of plants can be used to estimate the composition of the diet selected by free-ranging animals. The aims of this study were to characterize the n-alkane profiles of developing leaves and evaluate the degree of chemical discrimination between six browsed broadleaf tree species: European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus L.), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), hazel (Corylus avellana L.), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L). The effect of the stage of development was examined by considering five different vegetative stages: dormant bud (DB), late bud (LB), young leaf (YL), mature leaf (ML) and senescing leaf (SL). Five samples per each vegetative stage and species, gathered in a mixed woodland of the Italian Eastern Alps between February and October, were analysed for their n-alkane concentrations (C23–C36).The residual coefficient of variation was 15·5% on average for the individual n-alkanes considered. There were noticeable differences in individual and total n-alkanes content between species. In particular, C27 was the predominant n-alkane in beech and C33 was found in high proportions in the two species of Fraxinus; hazel and flowering ash had a higher total n-alkanes content than the overall mean, while the lowest values were found in hornbeam and beech. The n-alkane profile also underwent important changes during the vegetative development, with different extent and direction according to the species. In the three successive leaf stages, a tendency for a progressive increase in the longest chain homologues was observed. In any case, the young leaf stage differed most from the contiguous stages.Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that the n-alkane profile of buds and leaves were mathematically distinguishable and the chemical differences between species were persistent over the plant vegetative development.

Studies in the Alismataceae. IV. Developmental morphology of Ranalisma humile and comparisons with two members of the Butomaceae, Hydrocleis nymphoides and Butomus umbellatus

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 899-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton ◽  
A. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Inflorescence Branch ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Floral Meristems ◽  
Vegetative Bud

The development of the foliage leaf bearing axes in Ranalisma humile (Kunth.) Hutch. and Hydrocleis nymphoides Buch. is similar in that both show sympodial development, each branch of the sympodium terminating in an inflorescence; in Butomus umbellatus L. the inflorescence is lateral and the vegetative axis is monopodial.Inflorescences of Ranalisma can adopt a horizontally growing pseudostolon form in which floral meristems are formed but abort at an early stage; there is no basic difference between the organ complements of the pseudostolon and the erect inflorescence.Inflorescences of Hydrocleis and Ranalisma have similar developmental patterns. In both, the main axis terminates in a floral primordium while a large bud is developed in the axil of the first of two bracts below the flower. The lateral bud in Hydrocleis develops into a sympodial bud complex consisting of flowers, a vegetative bud, and an inflorescence branch which repeats the pattern of development; in Ranalisma the lateral bud gives rise only to a vegetative bud and an inflorescence branch. Ranalisma appears to possess a reduced form of the kind of inflorescence development found in Hydrocleis.The inflorescence of Butomus also terminates in a flower. It has three bracts, each subtending a set of multiple axillary buds. Each individual bud develops into a sympodially arranged set of flowers.Previously proposed isolation of Butomus from other Butomaceae and Alismataceae is further emphasized by developmental data. Ranalisma provides a connecting link between Alismataceae and the Butomaceae excluding Butomus (i.e. the Limnocharitaceae of some authors).

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