Studies in the Alismataceae. IV. Developmental morphology of Ranalisma humile and comparisons with two members of the Butomaceae, Hydrocleis nymphoides and Butomus umbellatus

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 899-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton ◽  
A. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Inflorescence Branch ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Floral Meristems ◽  
Vegetative Bud

The development of the foliage leaf bearing axes in Ranalisma humile (Kunth.) Hutch. and Hydrocleis nymphoides Buch. is similar in that both show sympodial development, each branch of the sympodium terminating in an inflorescence; in Butomus umbellatus L. the inflorescence is lateral and the vegetative axis is monopodial.Inflorescences of Ranalisma can adopt a horizontally growing pseudostolon form in which floral meristems are formed but abort at an early stage; there is no basic difference between the organ complements of the pseudostolon and the erect inflorescence.Inflorescences of Hydrocleis and Ranalisma have similar developmental patterns. In both, the main axis terminates in a floral primordium while a large bud is developed in the axil of the first of two bracts below the flower. The lateral bud in Hydrocleis develops into a sympodial bud complex consisting of flowers, a vegetative bud, and an inflorescence branch which repeats the pattern of development; in Ranalisma the lateral bud gives rise only to a vegetative bud and an inflorescence branch. Ranalisma appears to possess a reduced form of the kind of inflorescence development found in Hydrocleis.The inflorescence of Butomus also terminates in a flower. It has three bracts, each subtending a set of multiple axillary buds. Each individual bud develops into a sympodially arranged set of flowers.Previously proposed isolation of Butomus from other Butomaceae and Alismataceae is further emphasized by developmental data. Ranalisma provides a connecting link between Alismataceae and the Butomaceae excluding Butomus (i.e. the Limnocharitaceae of some authors).

Inflorescence development in Amelanchier alnifolia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1680-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret W. Steeves ◽  
Taylor A. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Inflorescence Size ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Foliage Leaf

The morphology and development of the inflorescence of Amelanchier alnifolia, a potential fruit crop, are described. Although racemelike in appearance, the 8- to 12-flowered inflorescence is determinate, and the occasional branching of the basal member indicates its compound nature. This basal member in the axil of a foliage leaf frequently bears three to four bracteoles instead of the two characteristic of the remaining lateral flowers, and an arrested bud may be found in the axil of one or more of the bracteoles. The inflorescence is thus interpreted as a much reduced panicle. The phenology of inflorescence development in relation to seasonal shoot growth has been documented. Transformation of vegetative shoot apices to the flowering condition begins after the differentiation of a set of cataphylls and as the current fruit crop is ripening. It is marked by the accelerated formation of bract primordia with precocious axillary buds, culminating after about 2 weeks with the initiation of a terminal flower. Although the last to be formed, the terminal flower at all subsequent stages is equivalent in development to those at the base of the inflorescence. The buds in the axils of three to five bracts immediately below the terminal flower are arrested at an early stage and variation in inflorescence size may in part be due to variability in their development.

Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. IV. Effects on lateral bud development

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Owens ◽  
J. E. Webber ◽  
S. D. Ross ◽  
R. P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Mitotic Frequency ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Vegetative Bud

The anatomy, mitotic frequency, size, and total insoluble carbohydrate histochemistry was studied in axillary apices from 9- and 10-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees after cone induction treatments of root-pruning and (or) stem injections of a gibberellin A4 and A7 (GA4/7) mixture. Axillary buds were initiated at the time of root-pruning, but root-pruning treatment had no effect on axillary bud initiation. Axillary apices from control and gibberellin-treated trees were similar and followed the normal sequence of bud-scale initiation, differentiation, and leaf initiation (described previously) and no cone buds differentiated. Early development of axillary apices from root-pruned and root-pruned, gibberellin-treated trees was normal, but development became retarded near the time of vegetative bud flush. Retarded apices were small with low mitotic frequency and developed many features characteristics of latent apices. Retardation of axillary apices continued until mid-July when normal development resumed and apices differentiated into reproductive buds or vegetative buds, or became latent. The trees in which the greatest retardation of apical development occurred during lateral shoot elongation produced the most cone buds. These results are discussed in relation to hypotheses proposed to explain how cultural and gibberellin treatments affect cone induction in the Pinaceae.

scholarly journals Morphological Study of the Structure and Development of Longan Inflorescence

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-798
Author(s):  
Miki Nakata ◽  
Nobuo Sugiyama ◽  
Tanachai Pankasemsuk
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Dimocarpus Longan ◽  
Terminal Shoot

The structure and developmental patterns of inflorescence of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) were studied microscopically and by the naked eye. In inflorescence of longan, compound dichasia are arranged on three to four orders of monopodial axes without the formation of terminal flowers, indicating that longan inflorescence is pleiothyrse; cymose partial inflorescences are arranged on more than two monopodial axes. Most of the monopodial axes had differentiated by the end of November just before the cool season. The first sign of inflorescence formation was the appearance of bract primordia at apical meristems of the preformed monopodial axes, with lateral axes preceding the main axes. Dichasia were formed in the axils of bract primordia, and the formation of bracts and dichasia continued. Bract appearance can be detected by the naked eye 1 week after microscopically detected bract appearance. Shoots with intermediate characteristics between the inflorescence and the vegetative shoots were formed; dichasia were formed on the lateral axes, but not on the main axes in intermediate shoots. These results suggest that apical meristems on the terminal shoot produce monopodial axes, together with foliage leaf primordia, before floral induction, but produce bract primordia and compound dichasia, which are composed of sympodial axes, after floral induction.

The rotated-lamina syndrome. I. Ulmaceae

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Normal Orientation ◽  
Ulmus Glabra ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Final Orientation ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

In a number of plants, mostly woody, the components of the buds are arranged so that the laminae of the young leaves all face towards the same (upper) side of the bud, rather than towards the bud apex; in axillary buds they usually face towards the parent axis. This situation has been known for many years. For convenience, the general case is here called the rotated-lamina syndrome. There have been very few developmental investigations of how the laminae attain their unusual orientation, and these have come to different conclusions about cases in the Ulmaceae. This paper reports a detailed investigation of the syndrome in Ulmus glabra and Zelkova serrata, with comparative observations on other Ulmaceae, including cases in Celtis that do not exhibit the syndrome. The syndrome arises by different means in Ulmus and Zelkova. In Ulmus the leaf primordium is asymmetrical from the outset, the leaf blade region is obliquely dorsiventral from an early stage, and further asymmetrical growth of the leaf buttress rotates the whole leaf blade region into its final orientation as it develops. Individual shoots show heteroblastic development in progressing from bud scale to foliage leaf initiation, in increasing accentuation of the rotated-lamina syndrome, and in an increasing degree of dorsiventrality. In Zelkova, as previously described, the leaf blade region appears first as a radially symmetrical upgrowth, and it acquires dorsiventral symmetry directly in the rotated position. In Celtis spp. the lamina arises in a quite normal orientation, but reorients as it emerges from the bud. The leaf primordia of all species studied show asymmetry in other aspects, particularly in respect of stipule development, and these seem to be general features of the organisation of dorsiventral shoots. Key words: Ulmus, Zelkova, Celtis, leaf, development, dorsiventrality, lamina rotation.

Importance du régime de dénudation sur la structure et la succession des communautés intertidales de substrat rocheux en milieu subarctique

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1278-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Archambault ◽  
Edwin Bourget
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
Fucus Vesiculosus ◽  
Tidal Level ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Lawrence Estuary ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
St Lawrence Estuary ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

Developmental patterns were studied following natural (abrasion by ice) and experimental disturbances (total or partial clearings) in intertidal rocky communities. Four semi-exposed communities along the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf were studied from May 1977 to May 1979. In the spring, when free space becomes available, annual algae, mainly Ulothricales and Ulvales, rapidly colonize areas denuded by ice abrasion. This early stage is soon followed by an abundant fucoid growth, largely Fucus vesiculosus but also some Ascophyllum nodosum, and a large number of Balanus balanoides, along with some Mytilus edulis. Opportunists, F. vesiculosus and B. balanoides, dominate where ice disturbances are severe and regular but where the community is not severely disturbed, initial differences in the abundance of F. vesiculosus and A. nodosum are reduced, and the community becomes closer to the mature one dominated by A. nodosum. The period of disturbance influences the species' settling and their abundance. The earlier the disturbance in the spring, the greater will be the colonization by the opportunists Ulothricales, Ulvales, and B. balanoides, but when the disturbance occurs later, F. vesiculosus and M. edulis are the main settlers. The tidal level influences mainly the establishment of dominance. In the mid zone, few species are present, densities are low, competition is not an important controlling factor, and Balanus dominate. In the low zone, barnacles are replaced by mussels, the number of species and densities are high, and competition is greater. Exclosure and enclosure experiments using cages have shown that littorinid grazers have a negligible influence on the reduction of the dominant annual alga Ulothrix flacca. Its reduction in midsummer appears to be related to its life cycle. Predators were rarely observed at the study sites. Structural and developmental patterns of intertidal rocky communities were slow and the monopolization of space by A. nodosum and M. edulis, as observed in the mature, less disturbed community, must result from a long period [Formula: see text] without major disturbances.

Studies in the Alismataceae. II. Inflorescences of Alismataceae

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
The Family ◽  
Unlimited Growth ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Lateral Structures ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Aspects of morphology and development of alismataceous inflorescences have been studied. The inflorescences are always terminal, and transition of the vegetative meristem to the reproductive state is accompanied by the formation of a large vegetative bud in the axil of the last foliage leaf formed before transition. The inflorescences of the family are almost all built on a common plan with bracts in false whorls of 3 on the main axis (and branches when present). The basic structure subtended by the bracts is a bostrycoid complex of flowers (or branches and flowers in the lower parts of some large inflorescences). Modifications of various kinds occur in different cases: the bostryx may be reduced to a single flower; vegetative buds may occur in flower positions in bostryces; a single vegetative bud may replace a whole bostryx in inflorescences much modified in relation to vegetative reproduction. Development of bostrycoid complexes is dependent on formation of buds in prophyll axils and does not occur where prophylls cannot be detected. Some species have inflorescences in which a diversity of lateral structures is associated with each pseudowhorl of bracts and these are termed heterogeneous inflorescences, in contradistinction to homogeneous inflorescences, in which all the lateral structures in a pseudowhorl are of the same kind. Main and branch axes of an inflorescence normally terminate in a flower. Exceptions occur in some (possibly advanced) types in which inflorescence growth is terminated by abortion, and in specialized inflorescences modified in relation to vegetative reproduction which have unlimited growth. The data presented are discussed from systematic, evolutionary, and morphogenetic points of view.

Growth temperature affects inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 642-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlène Antoun ◽  
François Ouellet
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Floral Meristems

Plants adjust their growth and development to ensure survival under adverse environmental conditions. Nonoptimal growth temperatures can have a major impact on biomass and crop yield. A detailed phenotypic analysis (number and length of rosette and cauline branches, flowers, and buds) in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that growth temperatures below (12 and 17 °C) and above (27 and 32 °C) the control 22 °C affect branching and flowering. The elongation of internodes on the main stem and of primary branches at cauline leaves is reduced at lower temperatures and increased at higher temperatures. Similar results are observed in plants treated before or after bolting. Our data therefore indicate that plants that have transitioned to the reproductive stage before treatment are slightly less affected by temperature variations than plants that are in their vegetative stage. Our results also suggest that plants need to reach a maximum height (internodes length) before they begin forming floral meristems and that this “maximum height” is dependent on the growth temperature. Plants grown at 17 °C show a slightly reduced branching, while those at 27 °C show increased branching. This suggests that apical dominance is a temperature-dependent phenomenon. This is, to our knowledge, the first extensive analysis of the effect of temperature on Arabidopsis inflorescence development.

scholarly journals The CLV3 Homolog in Setaria viridis Selectively Controls Inflorescence Meristem Size

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanmei Zhu ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Olivia Crowell ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Thomas P. Brutnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Peptide Ligands ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Inflorescence Meristem ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Meristem Size ◽  
Cle Peptides ◽  
Vegetative Traits ◽  
Floral Meristems

The CLAVATA pathway controls meristem size during inflorescence development in both eudicots and grasses, and is initiated by peptide ligands encoded by CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes. While CLV3 controls all shoot meristems in Arabidopsis, evidence from cereal grasses indicates that different meristem types are regulated by different CLE peptides. The rice peptide FON2 primarily controls the size of the floral meristem, whereas the orthologous peptides CLE7 and CLE14 in maize have their most dramatic effects on inflorescence and branch meristems, hinting at diversification among CLE responses in the grasses. Setaria viridis is more closely related to maize than to rice, so can be used to test whether the maize CLE network can be generalized to all members of subfamily Panicoideae. We used CRISPR-Cas9 in S. viridis to knock out the SvFON2 gene, the closest homolog to CLV3 and FON2. Svfon2 mutants developed larger inflorescence meristems, as in maize, but had normal floral meristems, unlike Osfon2, suggesting a panicoid-specific CLE network. Vegetative traits such as plant height, tiller number and leaf number were not significantly different between mutant and wild type plants, but time to heading was shorter in the mutants. In situ hybridization showed strong expression of Svfon2 in the inflorescence and branch meristems, consistent with the mutant phenotype. Using bioinformatic analysis, we predicted the co-expression network of SvFON2 and its signaling components, which included genes known to control inflorescence architecture in maize as well as genes of unknown function. The similarity between SvFON2 function in Setaria and maize suggests that its developmental specialization in inflorescence meristem control may be shared among panicoid grasses.

THE CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.): I. RECORDING AND ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS IN MORPHOGENESIS

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Primary Stem

A key is described that provides a simple method for recording the sequential distribution of all leaves, buds, and inflorescences visible on a primary stem. Numbers are assigned to nodes in a basipetal sequence with each flowering node as number 1.In the "first cycle of growth" of a primary bud the number of nodes on each lateral flowering shoot was found to be positively correlated with, and linearly related to, the number of the node at which each was borne. It was also found that both the number of buds, non-flowering and flowering shoots, [T], and the number of inflorescences, [I], were linearly related to primary node number. Indoleacetic acid (IAA), 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), and maleic hydrazide amine (MH), altered the amount of lateral bud and shoot growth but not the linear relationships.Attainment of "ripeness-to-flower" coincident with production of a systemic non-polar florigenic stimulus could result in the observed conformity to theoretically "expected node numbers for flowering" on all lateral shoots.Treatment with 800 p.p.m. MH caused abortion of inflorescences and hastened onset of the "second cycle of vegetative growth" through cessation of growth and differentiation of "first cycle" floral apices; virus infection has caused similar effects.

scholarly journals MircroRNA Profiles of Early Rice Inflorescence Revealed a Specific miRNA5506 Regulating Development of Floral Organs and Female Megagametophyte in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6610
Author(s):  
Zhixiong Chen ◽  
Yajing Li ◽  
Peigang Li ◽  
Xiaojie Huang ◽  
Mingxin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Mirnas Expression ◽  
Female Gametophyte Development

The developmental process of inflorescence and gametophytes is vital for sexual reproduction in rice. Multiple genes and conserved miRNAs have been characterized to regulate the process. The changes of miRNAs expression during the early development of rice inflorescence remain unknown. In this study, the analysis of miRNAs profiles in the early stage of rice inflorescence development identified 671 miRNAs, including 67 known and 44 novel differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Six distinct clusters of miRNAs expression patterns were detected, and Cluster 5 comprised 110 DEMs, including unconserved, rice-specific osa-miR5506. Overexpression of osa-miR5506 caused pleiotropic abnormalities, including over- or under-developed palea, various numbers of floral organs and spikelet indeterminacy. In addition, the defects of ovaries development were frequently characterized by multiple megasporocytes, ovule-free ovary, megasporocyte degenerated and embryo sac degenerated in the transgenic lines. osa-miR5506 targeted REM transcription factor LOC_Os03g11370. Summarily, these results demonstrated that rice-specific osa-miR5506 plays an essential role in the regulation of floral organ number, spikelet determinacy and female gametophyte development in rice.

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