HEART ROT OF JACK PINE IN ONTARIO: II. LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF THE PRINCIPAL HEARTWOOD-INHABITING FUNGI

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 849-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Basham
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Agar Culture ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Marked Variability ◽  
Individual Trees

Two Basidiomycetes, Fomes pini (Fr.) Karst. and Peniophora pseudo-pini Weres. & Gibson, and three microfungi (Ascomycetes), Tympanis hypopodia Nyl., Retinocyclus abietis (Crouan) Groves & Wells, and a member of the Coryne sarcoides complex, are the fungi most frequently isolated from the heartwood of living jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in the Province of Ontario. Of these, only F. pini is consistently associated with decayed wood. In laboratory tests all five caused significant weight losses in jack pine heartwood samples, and all but the C. sarcoides complex appreciably altered the color of the wood. T. hypopodia was exceedingly antagonistic towards F. pini, both in malt agar culture and when inoculated in advance of F. pini in jack pine wood samples. The activity of P. pseudo-pini in the test samples was reduced slightly by the prior establishment of T. hypopodia and the C. sarcoides complex, but was stimulated somewhat by the presence of R. abietis. The presence of the C. sarcoides complex in jack pine samples resulted in a moderate increase in the activity of F. pini.In some cases competitive interactions among heartwood-inhabiting fungi may partly explain the marked variability in defectiveness frequently observed among individual trees in forest stands.

HEART ROT OF JACK PINE IN ONTARIO: I. THE OCCURRENCE OF BASIDIOMYCETES AND MICROFUNGI IN DEFECTIVE AND NORMAL HEARTWOOD OF LIVING JACK PINE

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Basham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Principal Type ◽  
Tree Growth Rate ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Stand Conditions

A survey was made of the fungi inhabiting the heartwood of living jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Ontario, particularly in stained and decayed wood. Two Basidiomycetes encountered frequently were Fomes pini (Fr.) Karst., associated with red stain and white pocket rot, and Peniophora pseudo-pini Weres. & Gibson, isolated almost exclusively from stained wood. F. pini was the only fungus consistently associated with white pocket rot, the principal type of heart rot in jack pine. The three most abundant microfungi, a member of the Coryne sarcoides complex, Tympanis hypopodia Nyl., and Retinocyclus abietis (Crouan) Groves & Wells, were encountered frequently in stained wood, but less frequently in decayed and normal wood.Many aspects of the occurrence of these five fungi in jack pine were investigated, including their distribution in the stems and branch stubs of individual trees and their association with normal, stained, and decayed wood therein; and the relation between their occurrence and tree growth rate, various heartwood properties, and different stand conditions. The apparent means by which the fungi enter jack pine, and the possible existence of a succession of fungi in the heartwood of living trees, are discussed.

Genetic variation among local populations of jack pine (Pinus banksiana)

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard A. Ross ◽  
Janice L. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Pollen Transport ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

Genetic variability in three jack pine (Pinus banksiana) populations, spaced 10 km apart in southern Manitoba, was analyzed electrophoretically for 15 enzymes encoded by 20 structural loci. These populations were studied as spatial and temporal controls in an investigation of the effects of long-term gamma irradiation on boreal tree species. Individual populations were, on average, polymorphic at 53.3% of the loci and had 2.0 alleles per locus. Individual trees were heterozygous at 20.7% of their loci. An F-statistic analysis revealed an overall 10% excess of heterozygotes over Hardy–Weinberg expectations. Only 2% of the genetic variation occurred among populations. Consequently Nei's genetic distance between populations was small [Formula: see text]. The amount and disposition of the genetic variation in neighbouring populations resembled that observed by others among widely spaced populations. The similarity of the genetic structure of jack pine populations at the meso- and macro-geographic levels might result from the antagonistic effects of long distance gene flow via pollen transport (increasing homogeneity) and adaptation to fire or other patchily distributed environmental factors (reducing homogeneity).Key words: Jack pine, Pinus banksiana, allozymic variation, genetic structure.

scholarly journals Rating Introgression between Lodgepole and Jack Pine at the Individual Tree Level Using Morphological Traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine P. Bleiker ◽  
Allan L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Individual Trees

Abstract Introgressive hybridization between species generates novel gene combinations and phenotypes. We required an accessible, objective method of rating introgression between lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia [Engelm.] Critchfield) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) for individual trees where their ranges overlap in Canada for use in another study on host species effects on resistance to an eruptive herbivore that has recently expanded its range. We adapted, simplified, and fully quantified a morphological index developed to rate introgression of pine populations and applied it to individual trees. In addition to principal component analysis (PCA), we also used discriminant function analysis (DFA), a potentially more powerful method given a priori knowledge of parent taxa, to generate introgression ratings. Among-tree variation in morphological traits and introgression was high at sites within the hybrid zone but very low at pure parent sites. PCA and DFA produced similar introgression ratings at the stand level, but ratings differed substantially for some individual trees. Certain morphological traits may be omitted from both PCA and DFA with little impact on stand-level ratings. The discriminant functions presented here are based on easy-to-measure, fully quantifiable morphological traits and can be used by other researchers to produce relative introgression ratings for lodgepole and jack pine. The approach may also be applied to other plant hybrid systems.

Ten-year tree mortality following a jack pine budworm outbreak in Saskatchewan

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1784-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Jan A Volney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Individual Trees

The fate of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees growing in a variety of stand conditions was assessed annually for a decade following an outbreak of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus Freeman) in central Saskatchewan. Mortality was clearly associated with the severity and damage sustained by the trees during the second year of the defoliation episode. The pattern of mortality was remarkably similar among stands that originated in decades that spanned 60 years. Mortality rates were highest in stands that originated in the 1890s and were lowest in stands of the most recent origin (1940s). Defoliation severity, the length of dead top, diameter at breast height, and relative tree height expressed as a standard normal variable accounted for 94% of the variability in survival time. A nonparametric proportional hazards model was developed to evaluate the relative risk of individual trees dying. Defoliation is an important process in determining stand density, basal area, and volume after juvenile stand development is complete. The results presented suggest a novel method to determine the hazard of trees in stands and thus assess the vulnerability of stands to future budworm attack.

LABORATORY STUDIES ON MICROFUNGI ISOLATED FROM THE STEMS OF LIVING LODGEPOLE PINE, PINUS CONTORTA DOUGL.

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1373-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Bourchier
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Malt Agar ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Agar Culture ◽  
Small Weight ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
No Weight Loss ◽  
Lodgepole Pines

Fungus isolation attempts, made from samples taken at 2-ft intervals in the stems of 40 lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta Dougl.), gave 1362 cultures. Sample trees were located at two sites and averaged 82.5 and 63.9 years of age. In malt agar culture Tympanis hypopodia Nyl. and the Coryne sarcoides complex were slightly antagonistic to Stereum pini (Schleich. ex Fr.) Fr. Both microfungi caused small weight losses in pine wood blocks and, when inoculated in advance on test blocks, reduced the decay caused by S. pini. Retinocyclus abietis (Crouan) Groves & Wells caused no weight loss but increased the decay attributable to S. pini. Tympanis hypopodia and C. sarcoides complex were more or less restricted to the lower heartwood of the trees. There was some evidence of a succession of fungi in the trees.

scholarly journals Trade-Offs among Release Treatments in Jack Pine Plantations: Twenty-Five Year Responses

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Holly D. Deighton ◽  
Frederick Wayne Bell ◽  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Eric B. Searle ◽  
Mathew Leitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Forest Diversity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Jack Pine Forests ◽  
Stand Yield ◽  
Forest Managers

We assessed 27 indicators of plant diversity, stand yield and individual crop tree responses 25 years post-treatment to determine long-term trade-offs among conifer release treatments in boreal and sub-boreal forests. This research addresses the lack of longer-term data needed by forest managers to implement more integrated vegetation management programs, supporting more informed decisions about release treatment choice. Four treatments (untreated control, motor-manual brushsaw, single aerial spray, and complete competition removal) were established at two jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) sites in Ontario, Canada. Our results suggest that plant diversity and productivity in boreal jack pine forests are significantly influenced by vegetation management treatments. Overall, release treatments did not cause a loss of diversity but benefitted stand-scale yield and individual crop tree growth, with maximum benefits occurring in more intensive release treatments. However, none of the treatments maximized all 27 indicators studied; thus, forest managers are faced with trade-offs when choosing treatments. Research on longer term effects, ideally through at least one rotation, is essential to fully understand outcomes of different vegetation management on forest diversity, stand yield, and individual crop tree responses.

Jack pine cone quality and cache sizes of red squirrels in southern New Brunswick, Canada

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Setterington ◽  
Daniel M. Keppie
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Relationships between external cone characteristics (length, width, wet and dry mass), cone quality (total seed mass as a proportion of cone mass, total number of seeds per cone, total seed mass per cone), and number of cones in caches were evaluated for caches of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) cones belonging to red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in two plantations in southern New Brunswick. Cone length and mass were good predictors of the total number of seeds per cone and total seed mass per cone. Length accounted for a small proportion of the variance of total seed mass as a proportion of cone mass. There was no relationship between the number of seeds or total seed mass per cone and the number of cones per cache.

scholarly journals Genetically based resistance to the white pine weevil in jack pine and eastern white pine

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Verrez ◽  
Dan Quiring ◽  
Thibaut Leinekugel Le Cocq ◽  
Greg Adams ◽  
Yill Sung Park
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Tree Resistance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
White Pine Weevil

White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) damage was evaluated in one white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and four jack pine(Pinus banksiana Lamb) half-sib family test sites to determine the role of tree genotype in resistance to the weevil. Halfsibfamily explained a significant proportion of the variation in weevil attack at all sites. Estimates of family (0.16-0.54)and individual (0.09-0.24) heritabilities of jack pine resistance to white pine weevil were moderate. Estimates of family(0.37) and individual (0.22) heritability of resistance of white pine to the weevil were also moderate when the percentageof test trees damaged by the weevil was relatively low, but were insignificant four years later when more than three-quartersof trees were damaged. Significant positive correlations between mean tree height and mean incidence of trees damagedby the weevil were observed for four of seven site-years but relationships were weak, suggesting that any cost, withrespect to height growth, to breeding weevil resistant trees may be small.Key words: Pinus, Pissodes strobi, trade-offs, tree improvement, tree resistance, white pine weevil.

Spatial genetic substructure within natural populations of jack pine (Pinus banksiana)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Yi Xie ◽  
Peggy Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis ◽  
Autocorrelation Analysis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Genetic Substructure ◽  
Good Agreement

Spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to investigate the geographic distribution of allozyme genotypes within three natural populations of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Results indicate that genetic substructuring within these populations is very weak and the extent differs among populations. These results are in good agreement with those inferred from mating-system studies. Factors such as the species' predominantly outbreeding system, high mortality of selfs and inbreds prior to reproduction, long-distance pollen dispersal, and the absence of strong microhabitat selection may be responsible for the observed weak genetic substructuring. Key words: jack pine, Pinus banksiana, genetic substructure, allozyme, spatial autocorrelation analysis.

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