THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: VII. THE EFFECT OF STEM RUST ON THE NITROGEN AND AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT LEAVES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1351-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Shaw ◽  
Nicholas Colotelo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Barley Leaves ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Leaves

The dry weight of leaf disks (2.8 mm in diameter) bearing pustules of stem rust and cut from primary leaves of Little Club wheat increased up to 2.5-fold, but the respective weights of host and parasite cannot be measured. By removal of the ectoparasitic mycelium of Erysiphe it was shown that approximately half of the increase in weight at infections of this organism on barley leaves was contributed by the fungus and half by the host.At infections of stem rust on Little Club there was a striking increase in total N per gram fresh weight and an increase in the ratio of soluble to insoluble N. Quantitative paper chromatographic analyses revealed a fourfold increase in free amino acids and nearly a twofold increase in protein amino acids per gram fresh weight by 9 days after inoculation. The most striking increases occurred in free glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, threonine, and those amino acids present only in trace amounts before inoculation, particularly the basic and aromatic acids. Only slight and transitory increases in N occurred at infections on Khapli and the infected leaves quickly reached a stage at which soluble and insoluble N and the ratios of soluble N to insoluble N and free to protein amino acids declined drastically. In Khapli, well-defined increases occurred in free glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Particularly striking decreases occurred in glutamate, serine, threonine, glycine, and the leucines. The results are discussed.

Nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca. II. Diurnal changes of free amino acids, amides, and guanidino compounds in roots, buds, and leaves during the onset of dormancy of white spruce saplings

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Guanidino Compounds

In late August during the onset of dormancy in spruce, seasonal levels of soluble nitrogen, rich in arginine, were high. On a fresh weight basis, diurnal levels of total soluble nitrogen and most component amino acids in roots, buds, and leaves showed maxima, one at sunrise and another in the afternoon or near sunset.Arginine and glutamine in the different plant parts contributed 44 to 83% to the alcohol-soluble nitrogen. In buds and leaves, percentage of arginine remained high and decreased slightly at midday, whereas in roots a continual drop occurred. In all organs examined, changes in glutamine reflected the double maxima of total soluble nitrogen and were greatest in roots.On a fresh weight basis, most amino acids accumulated at sunrise and near sunset; however a few especially in leaves, increased at midday, e.g. glutamic and aspartic acid, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and serine.Comparison of levels of free guanidino compounds in different organs showed remarkable out-of-phase patterns. Levels of these compounds are known from 14C-arginine studies to be closely related to the metabolism of arginine.

METABOLISM OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS IN HEALTHY AND RUST-INFECTED PRIMARY LEAVES OF WHEAT: II. STUDIES WITH L-PHENYLALANINE-U-14C, L-TYROSINE-U-14C, AND FERULATE-U-14C

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2137-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fuchs ◽  
R. Rohringer ◽  
D. J. Samborski
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Resistant Reaction ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Wheat leaves infected with stem rust, especially those of susceptible plants, contained more phenylalanine and tyrosine than healthy leaves. The utilization of phenylalanine was increased in both the susceptible and resistant reaction, but the utilization of tyrosine was increased only in the susceptible reaction. No evidence of interconversion of these amino acids was obtained.In n-butanol extracts, which contained glycosides, many constituents were labelled after feeding of L-phenylalanine-U-14C. Most of the n-butanol extractives from resistant-reacting leaves contained more label than those from susceptible-reacting leaves or from healthy leaves. However, one of the n-butanol extractives from susceptible-reacting leaves was 5–10 times as active as that isolated from the other tissues.With L-phenylalanine-U-14C and ferulate-U-14C as precursors, more activity was recovered in insoluble than in soluble esters (of ferulate and p-coumarate). With L-tyrosine-U-14C as precursor, the reverse was observed. After infection, the proportion of label in insoluble esters increased more in resistant leaves than it did in susceptible leaves, regardless of the precursor used.A major portion of the activity from these precursors was recovered in the insoluble residue that contained protein and other polymers. In the experiment with L-phenylalanine-U-14C, this residue was fractionated into protein and non-hydrolyzable material. Susceptible-reacting leaves contained equal amounts of activity in these fractions, while resistant-reacting leaves incorporated 2.5 times as much activity into the non-hydrolyzable material as into protein.

CHANGES IN PEACH TREES (cv. RED HAVEN) ATTACKED BY TAPHRINA DEFORMANS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO NITROGEN METABOLISM IN INFECTED AND NON-INFECTED LEAVES

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Raggi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Infected Tissue ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Glycolytic Activity ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Peach Trees

Some of the changes induced by Taphrina deformans on metabolism (particularly the nitrogen metabolism) of peach leaves were studied. Observations were as follows. (1) Dry weight diminishes in the infected tissues, especially at the end of the cycle, whereas it remains almost unchanged in the non-infected tissues of the diseased plant. (2) Initially, the amount of total nitrogen, per gram of dry substance is clearly greater in the infected tissues than in the control, then it becomes lower during the differentiation of the asci, especially at the stage of full sporulation. Similar variations occur also, in a more attenuated form, in the non-infected tissues. (3) A considerable increase of the glycolytic activity is observed in the infected tissue especially during the period preceding the differentiation of the asci, and an increase of respiration, even though much more restricted, is observed also in the next period. In non-invaded tissues, an increase of glycolysis is noted along with a diminution of respiration. (4) The non-infected leaves weigh more than those of the control until the differentiation of the asci; after it, they have a clear drop up to the maturity of the asci, and a further revival at the end of the disease. (5) In the infected tissues, the content of free amino acids is always higher than in the control (with a maximum after sporulation), whereas in the non-infected ones it is generally lower. (6) The more important alterations in the pool of the free amino acids in invaded tissues consist in a scarcity, in percentage of the total, of alanine and glutamic acid, especially at the end of the disease, whereas proline, ornithine, glycine, and others increase, especially during the incubation period. In particular the glutamine–asparagines– threonine group reaches the highest value when sporulation has occurred. In the non-invaded tissues, the changes are more restricted. (7) The content of protein amino acids in infected tissues is generally lower than in the control, especially in the last phases of infection whereas in the non-invaded parts it is generally higher, except in differentiation of the asci. (8) In the infected tissue, the alterations of the quantitative relationships between the single protein amino acids (in percentage of the total) are not very great, but some diminutions and increases are recorded (diminution of alanine, glycine, leucine, etc.; increase of lysine, histidine, etc.); in the non-infected tissues, no noteworthy alterations were observed.

Formate metabolism and betaine formation in healthy and rust-infected wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Bowman ◽  
R. Rohringer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Betaine Lipids ◽  
Dark Metabolism ◽  
Synthesis Activity ◽  
C Metabolism ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Wheat Tissues ◽  
Formate Metabolism

Formate-14C was fed to detached primary leaves of wheat and the distribution of activity among various fractions was examined after 2 to 26 h of metabolism in the light or 4 h of metabolism in the dark.All samples contained activity in free neutral, acidic, and basic compounds. The radioactive metabolites in the basic fraction were examined in detail. Initially, in the light, glutamate, aspartate, serine, and an unknown, chromatographically similar to, but not identical with histidine, contained most of the activity. Activity in betaine increased with time until, at 26 h, it contained nearly half of the activity in this fraction. Following dark metabolism, most of the activity resided in glutamate and serine. Glycine was not radioactive, and most of the activity in serine resided in carbon 3, indicating that formate served as a precursor of C1-units that were used for serine synthesis. Activity was also detected in a number of other amino acids and choline, both in the light and dark.A comparison of formate-14C metabolism in the dark in stem rust resistant and susceptible wheat leaves revealed that betaine, lipids, nucleic acid bound adenine and guanine, and a protein-containing residue from rust-infected susceptible leaves contained much more activity than the corresponding components from healthy susceptible or from healthy or rust-infected resistant leaves.Activity from glycine-2-3H, methionine-14CH3, serine-3-14C, ethanolamine-1,2-14C, and choline-14CH3 was incorporated into betaine in the dark, but was not detected in sarcosine or dimethylglycine. These results support the view that betaine was synthesized from glycine via serine, ethanolamine, and choline with methionine as the methyl donor, and not by direct N-methylation of glycine.Betaine-14CH3 was translocated but not metabolized in healthy or rust-infected primary leaves of wheat, or in aerial portions of adult wheat plants. In these wheat tissues, betaine would thus appear to be a metabolic end product.

PROTEIN TURNOVER IN WHEAT AND SNAPDRAGON LEAVES: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Hellebust ◽  
R. G. S. Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Biochemical Differentiation

Detached primary wheat leaves and attached cotyledons and primary leaves of snapdragons were allowed to photoassimilate C14O2 for short periods of time. They were subsequently kept in air and samples were taken at various time intervals and analyzed for protein nitrogen, and amounts and total radioactivities of soluble sugars and amino acids and protein amino acids. A method of estimating protein turnover from these data is discussed. Amounts and specific activities of respired carbon were also determined for wheat leaves.Minimum protein turnover rates of about 0.5 to 1.5% per hour were found in rapidly growing snapdragon leaves and in snapdragon cotyledons. Lower rates were found in detached, non-growing wheat leaves and slowly growing snapdragon leaves. Little contribution could have been made by proteins as substrates for respiration in detached wheat leaves. It is suggested that protein turnover in leaves is mainly associated with growth and biochemical differentiation.

SOURCES OF CARBON FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS IN ATTACHED PHOTOSYNTHESIZING WHEAT LEAVES

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 985-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Hellebust ◽  
R. G. S. Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Attached, rapidly growing wheat leaves were allowed to photoassimilate C14O2 and C12O2 alternately. Samples of leaves were collected after each period of photosynthesis and were analyzed for amounts and total activities of soluble sugars and amino acids, and protein amino acids. The leaves were also analyzed for protein nitrogen and amounts and total activities of respired carbon. Samples of roots were also collected and the amounts, total activities, and specific activities of their soluble compounds were determined. It was possible to calculate from these data the proportions of carbon entering some protein amino acids which came either from soluble amino acid pools or by a direct route from photosynthate, bypassing the soluble pools. More than half of the carbon entering protein-bound serine and glycine was derived from newly assimilated CO2, while protein glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine derived more of their carbon from the soluble amino acid pools. Analysis of the data from roots indicated that a considerable portion of the carbon translocated from the leaves was derived from newly assimilated CO2. There was some indication that protein turnover took place, but it was concluded that proteins could not have contributed significantly as substrates for respiration in these leaves.

scholarly journals Protein digestion in the intestine of sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ben-Ghedalia ◽  
H. Tagari ◽  
A. Bondi ◽  
A. Tadmor
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Total N ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
The Common

1. The rate of flow of digesta along the intestinal tract, and particularly the changes occurring in proteins during their passage through the intestine were determined in six rams; each animal was fistulated with three cannulas which involved six different sites of the intestine. Cr2O3 was used as a marker substance to measure the rate of flow of the digesta.2. In the sections of the intestine from 1 to 15 m posterior to the pylorus the amounts of water, dry matter and total nitrogen decreased gradually as a result of their absorption through the intestinal wall. The region of the intestine situated at a distance of 7–15 m from the pylorus was more active with respect to the absorption of N, whereas water and dry matter were adsorbed to a greater extent in the region from 1 to 7 m from the pylorus.3. The only part of the intestine in which substantial increases of water, dry matter and total N were found was the section immediately distal to the pylorus, and these increases were caused by the inflow of bile, and pancreatic and duodenal juices. The net increase found beyond the entry of the common bile duct was 2.7 g protein N and 2.0 g non-protein N (NPN)/24 h.4. The activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase A and the ratio α-NH2 NPN: protein N increased from the pylorus up to a distance of 7 m and decreased again from this point to a distance of 15 m from the pylorus.5. In the sections of the intestine between 1 and 3 and between 3 and 7 m distant from the pylorus the extent of proteolysis exceeded considerably that of absorption of amino acids through the intestinal wall. This was concluded from the decrease in the rate of flow of protein amino acids (by 31% between 1 and 3 m distant from the pylorus and by 34% between 3 and 7 m) and the simultaneous increase in non-protein amino acids (by 20% in the region between 1 and 3 m) or no change in non-protein amino acids (between 3 and 7 m).6. The relatively greater decrease in non-protein amino acids (by 57%) compared with that of protein amino acids (by 41%) occurring in the section 7 to 15 m distant from the pylorus showed that this is an area of most intensive absorption of amino acids.7. In the lower section of the intestine, from 15 to 25 m distant from the pylorus, the total amount of amino acids showed almost no change; probably a net effect of loss and gain of amino acids mainly due to microbial activities. Increases in the dehydrogenase activity suggested enhancement of bacterial activity in this lower region of the intestine.8. The supply of essential amino acids to the tissues of sheep is improved, compared with the amino acid composition of the diet, as the result of ruminal biosynthesis of essential amino acids and ruminal degradation of non-essential amino acids and preferential absorption of essential amino acids through the intestinal wall, particularly in the section of most intensive absorption, 7–15 m distant from the pylorus.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF `ALASKA' PEA SEEDLINGS TO FREEZING AND CHILLING STRESSES AFTER EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF ABSCISIC ACID.

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 737B-737
Author(s):  
Milton E. Tignor ◽  
Russell L. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Pea Seedlings ◽  
Blank Solution

Alaska peas (Pisum sativum `Alaska') germinated in a dark growth chamber were treated ABA dissolved in a small amount of acetone before diluting in distilled water with 0.1% spreader. A blank solution was identically prepared without ABA. Both solutions were applied via paintbrush to the epicotyls of the peas every twelve hours for seven days following emergence. The blank solution was applied to two controls, chronological and physiological. A methanol bath was used to induce freezing and chilling stresses. ABA significantly improved cold tolerance (electrolyte leakage) in the pea seedlings for both freezing and chilling stress as compared to the physiological and chronological controls. Visual observation of the pea stems suggested a difference in stem flexibility among ABA treated peas and the controls. Pea stem elasticity and plasticity were measured along with plant dry weight, cell wall weight/gram fresh weight, and the quantity of cell wall sugars and amino acids.

EFFECTS OF VITAVAX ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION OF BARLEY LEAVES

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
LESTER W. CARLSON
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Systemic Fungicide ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Barley Leaves ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration

Detached barley leaves treated with the systemic fungicide, 2,3-dihydro-5-carboxanilido-6-methyl-1,4,oxathiin (Vitavax), remained green longer than nontreated leaves. The chlorophyll content of treated leaves was slightly higher than that of nontreated ones during the first 7 days, and markedly higher 20 days after treatment. The immediate effect of the chemical was inhibition of photosynthesis and respiration. Treated leaves returned to apparently normal photosynthesis and respiration within 5 days; however, their mg dry weight/g fresh weight ratio remained lower than that of nontreated leaves, even 20 days after treatment.

Ripening changes in Kopanisti cheese

1990 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stelios E. Kaminarides ◽  
Emmanuel M. Anifantakis ◽  
Efstathios Alichanidis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soft Cheese ◽  
Long Chain

SummaryChanges in a Greek traditional soft cheese, Kopanisti, were followed during ripening. Mature cheese contained > 52% moisture, 22·7% fat and 19·3% protein. The as-casein content was hydrolysed faster than the β-casein so that in mature cheese only 23% and 35% respectively of these proteins remained intact. Soluble N, TCA-soluble N, amino acid N and NH3 were present to the extent of 28·9, 24·6, 14·3 and 6·6% of total N respectively. Leucine, γ-aminobutyric acid, valine and alanine were the dominant free amino acids in the mature cheese. Lipolysis was intense and the total free fatty acid content of ripe cheese was ∽ 50 g/kg cheese. The rate of liberation of short-chain (C4–C8) fatty acids was higher than that of the long-chain. The characteristic rich flavour and peppery taste appeared after 16 d ripening and the best overall cheese quality was produced after 32 d maturation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document