Nitrogen, phosphorus, and light effects on reproduction and fitness of wild rice

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 876-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Sims ◽  
John Pastor ◽  
Tali Lee ◽  
Brad Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Seed Biomass ◽  
Light Effects ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Plant fitness is typically correlated with total seed biomass or the number of seeds produced per plant, but the connection from seed production to seedlings the following year is seldom made. Seedling production in grasses, including wild rice ( Zizania palustris L.) is determined by the number of inflorescences produced, the number of seeds per inflorescence, the mean mass per seed, proportion of seeds that are filled, predation on seeds, and germination rates. Previous studies have shown that wild rice biomass production is limited primarily by nitrogen and secondarily by phosphorus and light. To test how nitrogen, phosphorus, and light modulate plant fitness, we evaluated the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and light on the above parameters. Nitrogen addition increased number of inflorescences, seeds per inflorescence, and mean seed mass, resulting in more seedlings produced, hence greater fitness, despite increased rice worm predation and lower germination rates of seeds compared to seeds from plants grown without nitrogen addition. Phosphorus additions and full sunlight also increased the number of seedlings per plant, mainly after nitrogen was added. Therefore, the maternal environment not only affects seed production but the number of seedlings that emerge the following year, especially with respect to nitrogen.

Jack pine cone quality and cache sizes of red squirrels in southern New Brunswick, Canada

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Setterington ◽  
Daniel M. Keppie
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Relationships between external cone characteristics (length, width, wet and dry mass), cone quality (total seed mass as a proportion of cone mass, total number of seeds per cone, total seed mass per cone), and number of cones in caches were evaluated for caches of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) cones belonging to red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in two plantations in southern New Brunswick. Cone length and mass were good predictors of the total number of seeds per cone and total seed mass per cone. Length accounted for a small proportion of the variance of total seed mass as a proportion of cone mass. There was no relationship between the number of seeds or total seed mass per cone and the number of cones per cache.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices to Enhance Seed Production by `Anaheim Chili' Peppers

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Payero ◽  
M.S. Bhangoo ◽  
J.J. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Total Seed

The effects of six applied N treatments differing by rates and frequencies of application on the yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. `Anaheim Chili') grown for seed was studied. The timing of N applications was based on crop phenology, leaf petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentrations (NO3-N) minimum thresholds, and scheduled calendar applications of fixed amounts of N. Solubilized NH4NO3 was applied through a trickle-irrigation system to ensure uniform and timely applications of N. Rate of mature (green and red) fruit production was unaffected by any treatment except weekly applications of 28 kg·ha-1 of N, which stopped production of mature fruit before all other treatments. Early season floral bud and flower production increased with increasing amounts of N. The two highest total N treatments produced more floral buds and flowers late in the season than the other treatments. Total fruit production was maximized at 240 kg N/ha. Differences in total fruit production due to frequency of N application resulted at the highest total N level. Red fruit production tended to be maximized with total seasonal applied N levels of 240 kg·ha-1 and below, although weekly applications of N reduced production. Total seed yield was a function of red fruit production. Pure-1ive seed (PLS) production was a function of total seed production. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for red fruit production also decreased with N rates >240 kg·ha-1, but PLS yield and NUE decreased in a near-linear fashion as the amount of total seasonal applied N increased, regardless of application frequency. Season average NO3-N (AVE NO3-N) values >4500 mg·kg-1 had total seed and PLS yields less than those treatments <4000 mg·kg-1. Six-day germination percentage was reduced with weekly N applications of 14 kg·ha-1. Seed mass was reduced with weekly N applications of 28 kg·ha-1. Final germination percent, seedling root length and weight, and field emergence were unaffected by any of the N treatments. These findings indicate that different N management strategies are needed to maximize seed yield compared to fruit yield and, therefore, there may be an advantage to growing `Anaheim Chili' pepper specifically for seed.

Cotton pollination by honeybees

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Number Of Seeds

In a field trial, significant increases for the total number of bolls harvested (11.1%), total mass of bolls (16.5%), total lint mass (15.8%), total seed mass (19.7%) and total number of seeds per sample (16.5%) were obtained from plots receiving the highest number of bee visits compared with plots receiving the lowest number of bee visits. Lint-quality examinations resulted in a significant improvement for micronaire and fineness with increased bee visits. Non-significant increases were obtained for the mass of 100 seeds (3.8%), average single seed weight (3.9%), average number of seeds per boll (4.7%) and average weight of lint per boll (5.0%). Caged plots with honey bees had significantly greater total boll mass; total seed mass; and average single-seed weight than caged plots without honey bees.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and light effects on growth and allocation of biomass and nutrients in wild rice

Oecologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Sims ◽  
John Pastor ◽  
Tali Lee ◽  
Brad Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Light Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Growth And Allocation

Seed production of cut-leaved teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) in central Missouri

Biologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Bentivegna ◽  
Reid Smeda
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
First Year ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Seed Field ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractCut-leaved teasel is an invasive weed in Missouri that reduces the diversification of native species along roadsides and impairs traffic visibility. Teasel is a biennial and grows as a rosette in the first year and flowers the second year. Reproduction is only by seed. Field studies were conducted in 2004 and 2005 at two locations to assess the seed production of cut-leaved teasel. From a natural stand, fifteen plants were tagged at the onset of flowering. Selected plants included those considered growing in a group and those growing alone; a plant was considered alone when no other plant was adjacent for at least 60 cm. Whenever a seedhead completed flowering, it was covered with a cellophane bag and harvested one month later. Linear regression was used to correlate the weight of seeds from a single seedhead and number of seeds to estimate the total seed production per seedhead. The number of seedheads per plant varied from 3 to 56. On average, plants growing alone had 64% more seedheads per plant than plants occurring in a group. Seed numbers in the primary seedhead ranged from 511 to 1,487. Total seed production per plant ranged from 1,309 to 33,527. Seed production was 61% greater for plants growing alone versus those growing in a group and was more prolific in 2005 than in 2004. In addition, seed production per plant varied between locations for plants growing alone, but seed yield per plant was similar for plants growing in groups. Colonization of teasel in new areas is facilitated by higher seedhead numbers per plant and total seed production compared to reproduction of plants in areas of intraspecific competition.

VARIATION AMONG BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHERN ALBERTA POPULATIONS OF RASPBERRIES, RUBUS IDAEUS SUBSPP. STRIGOSUS MICHX.

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. J. VAN ADRICHEM
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Northern Alberta ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Several population samples of Rubus idaeus subspp. strigosus Michx. (raspberries) were collected in British Columbia and northern Alberta and a number of characters were studied and compared with the cultivar Trent. Significant differences between populations were found for cane length, number of buds per cane, percentage of buds growing, number of inflorescences and flowers per bud, fruit and seed weight. There was a positive correlation between the total seed weight and the number of seeds, and between the total seed and fruit weight. No distinct types could be established based on location or elevation. None of the populations showed significantly better winter hardiness than the cultivar Trent, and although some had a specific character that was superior, none was found to have overall superiority.

Individual crop size increases predispersal predation by beetles in a tropical palm

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Morgana Maria Arcanjo Bruno ◽  
Klécia Gili Massi ◽  
Alexander V. Christianini ◽  
John du Vall Hay
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Seed Predators ◽  
Plant Trait ◽  
Predispersal Seed Predation ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Abstract Predispersal seed predation is one of the main causes of seed mortality in plant populations, contributing to decreased plant recruitment. Seed loss has previously been found to be related to crop size. Thus, we examined the influence of individual crop size on predispersal seed predation by beetles in the palm Syagrus flexuosa in the Brazilian savanna. The study was carried out in three tropical woodland savanna sites, where we sampled the total seed crop of 46 fruiting palms and checked the presence of beetle larvae inside all seeds per plant. We observed predispersal seed predation of S. flexuosa from all sites and a high variation in the number of seeds preyed on per individual palm. Crop size had a positive influence on the number of seeds lost to predispersal seed predators. Variations in levels of predispersal seed predation may also be accounted for by the reproductive phenology of S. flexuosa. If fruits are not available at the same time, less resource is available for predators and therefore a high proportion of seeds may be preyed on. Thus, our study demonstrates that an individual plant trait, crop size, is an important predictor of beetle seed damage per palm and a driver of the number of seeds lost to predispersal seed predators.

Within and among plant variation in seed mass and pappus size in Tragopogon dubious

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1298-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. McGinley
Keyword(s):  
Salt Lake ◽  
Salt Lake City ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Plant Variation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Lake City ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Stalk Length

Individual seed mass of two seed morphs of Tragopogon dubious (L.) varied among plants and within and among flowering heads within individual plants growing near Salt Lake City, UT. Seeds of the light morph from the center of a receptacle were smaller than outer seeds, suggesting that variation in seed mass within heads was due to position effects. The total seed mass per head, seed number per head, and mean seed mass per head of both morphs declined in most plants over the season. Heads with larger total seed mass contained larger seeds both within and between plants so seasonal patterns in seed mass may be influenced by seasonal variation in the amount of resources available for investment in seeds. Seeds of the light colored morph had a greater dispersal potential than seeds from the dark colored morph because their disk loading was lower. Pappus size (both pappus radius and stalk length) increased with the number of seeds per head which may increase the efficiency of packaging fruits on the receptacle. Heads with a larger total seed mass allocated a smaller proportion of their resources to the dark seed morph which may serve to decrease the level of sibling competition experienced by the less dispersing seed morph. Thus, variation in investment in offspring may arise as a combination of developmental constraints and selection for variable investment.

scholarly journals Heliotropism and water availability effects on flowering dynamics and seed production in Macroptilium lathyroides

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Martins dos Santos ◽  
Luis Mauro Gonçalves Rosa ◽  
Lucia Brandão Franke ◽  
Carlos Nabinger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides ◽  
Response To Water

The experiment was carried out in pots in a glasshouse, with one plant per pot and nine repetitions per treatment. The treatments consisted of free or restricted leaves, submited to 90-100% or 60-70% soil field capacity (FC). Only independent effects of water availability or leaf movement were observed on yield components. Plants under well-watered conditions and with freely orienting leaves were taller, and had a larger number of ramifications. The greater development favored the setting of a higher number of inflorescences per plant in these treatments. This behavior resulted in a high number of flowers, green and mature legumes per plant, thus resulting in high seed production which was the most evident response to water availability. Although individual seed weight was higher in the water stress treatment, total seed production was higher for well-watered plants, with no statistically significant effect of leaf movements.

scholarly journals Researches on the Main Characteristics of Red Clover Seedlings and their Influence in

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marioara GREBENIȘAN ◽  
Doru PAMFIL ◽  
Dorottya Alice DOMOKOS
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Production Level ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Binding Process ◽  
Lower Variability ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Concerning the red clover breeding, it is essential to choose as genitors those varieties that possess good characteristics. In order to identify potential genitors, two red clover varieties were studied at Cluj-Napoca: Roxana, diploid variety and Napoca-tetra, tetraploid variety. The analyzed traits comprised the number of capitula/plant, number of seeds/capitulum and the binding process, under the aspect of their contribution to the seed crop and the interaction between those components, in order to provide important clues about di-and tetraploid red clover seed production, for plant breeding. The highest variability (s%=30) presented regarding the number of flowers/capitulum, diploid variety comparatively with a lower variability (s%=26) regarding the number of flowers number/capitulum, tetraploid varieties. Several traits were compared between di-and tetraploid red clover varieties in order to find genitors which can be used for creating new genotypes with high seed production level.

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