Natural plant colonization of borrow pits in boreal forest highlands of eastern Canada

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 451-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Hugron ◽  
Roxane Andersen ◽  
Monique Poulin ◽  
Line Rochefort

Plant colonization after gravel extraction for road construction is slow and is often considered to be primary succession. The goal of this study was to identify the plant communities that spontaneously colonized borrow pits located in boreal climate zones and to assess how environmental variables influenced this colonization process. It also helped identifying potential combinations of plants to use as well as environmental factors to improve to restore borrow pits. A total of 505 plots were inventoried in 117 borrow pits located in the boreal forest highlands 120 km northeast of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Parc national des Grands Jardins). Species cover was visually estimated for different plant communities within each borrow pit where slope and soil characteristics were also evaluated. We used multivariate analyses, including clustering, redundancy, and regression tree analyses. The borrow pits studied were undergoing primary succession processes decades after abandonment. The main pioneer species were bryophytes and lichens. Soil water content and soil physicochemistry had the greatest influence on the natural colonization of borrow pits. We observed that, based on the prevailing conditions, the bryophytes Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. and Niphotrichum canescens (Hedw.) Bednarek-Ochyra & Ochyra, lichens of the genus Stereocaulon , and the lichen Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch could potentially act as nurse species and could initiate the restoration of borrow pits located in boreal forests.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Boulanger ◽  
Jesus Pascual Puigdevall

AbstractContextIncreased anthropogenic climate forcing is projected to have tremendous impacts on global forest ecosystems, with northern biomes being more at risk.ObjectivesTo model the impacts of harvest and increased anthropogenic climate forcing on eastern Canada’s forest landscapes and to assess the strong spatial heterogeneity in the severity, the nature and direction of the impacts expected within northern forest regions.MethodsWe used LANDIS-II to project species-specific aboveground biomass (AGB) between 2020 and 2150 under three climate (baseline, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) and two harvest (baseline harvest, no harvest) scenarios within four forest regions (boreal west, boreal east, mixedwood and northern hardwood).ResultsClimate change impacts within the boreal forest regions would mainly result from increases in wildfires activity which will strongly alter total AGB. In the mixedwood and northern hardwood, changes will be less important and will result from climate-induced growth constraints that will alter species composition towards more thermophilous species. Climate-induced impacts were much more important and swifter under RCP 8.5 after 2080 suggesting that eastern Canada’s forests might cross important tipping points under strong anthropogenic climate forcing.ConclusionsBoreal forest regions will be much less resilient than mixedwood or northern hardwoods to the projected changes in climate regimes. Current harvest strategies will interact with anthropogenic climate forcing to further modify forest landscapes, notably by accelerating thermophilous species AGB gain in southernmost regions. Major changes to harvest practices are strongly needed to preserve the long-term sustainability of wood supply in eastern Canada. Adaptation strategies should be region-specific.


2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Ho Yoon ◽  
Tsing-Chang Chen

Abstract It is not unreasonable to expect that boreal forests that exist along 60°N in the Eurasian and North American continents were created and are maintained by warm seasonal rainfall. As revealed from satellite observations and various precipitation sources, zonally elongated rainbelts appear along these forests. Previous studies show that a relationship may exist between the frontal zone along the Arctic seaboard and regional patterns of high-latitude precipitation. It was observed by this study that baroclinic zones associated with strong Arctic westerlies coincide with minor storm tracks and boreal forest rainbelts only in eastern Canada. In contrast, this coincidence does not occur in northern Europe, eastern Siberia, and the Alaska–Pacific coast, because boreal forest rainbelts in these regions are located farther south of strong Arctic westerlies and ahead of high-latitude troughs over central Eurasia, the Bering Sea, the Labrador Sea, and the Norwegian Sea. Therefore, instead of baroclinicity along strong Arctic westerlies, favorable environments for the formation of minor storm tracks are developed by positive vorticity advections ahead of these high-latitude troughs. The water vapor budget analyses performed with NCEP and Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-1) reanalyses show that the boreal forest rainbelts are essentially maintained by the convergence of water vapor flux associated with transient disturbances at high latitudes.


2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
P. Kouadio ◽  
M. Tétrault

Three colored surface water nanofiltration pilot-scale projects were conducted in the province of Quebec (eastern Canada), between November 2000 and March 2002, by the company H2O Innovation (2000) inc., for the municipalities of Lac Bouchette, Latulipe-et-Gaboury and Charlesbourg (now part of Quebec City). Results indicated that nanofiltration permeate quality has an advance on present drinking water regulation standard in Quebec, but important membrane fouling occurred. Fouling can be controlled by pretreatment and optimization of the operating conditions.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Machtans ◽  
Paul B. Latour

Abstract Songbird communities in the boreal forest of the Liard Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada, are described after three years of study. Point count stations (n = 195) were placed in six types of forest (mature deciduous, coniferous, and mixedwood; young forests; wooded bogs; clearcuts) in a 700-km2 area. Vegetation characteristics at each station were also measured. Eighty-five species of birds (59 passerine species) occurred in 11 647 detections. Mixedwood forests had the highest richness of songbirds (∼41 species per 800 individuals) of the six forest types, and contained approximately 30% more individuals than nearly pure coniferous or deciduous forests. Species richness and relative abundance was 10–50% lower than in comparable forests farther south and east, and the difference was most pronounced in deciduous forests. Communities were dominated by a few species, especially Tennessee Warbler (Vermivora peregrina), Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia), Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata) and Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina). White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), a dominant species in boreal forests farther south, was notably scarce in all forests except clearcuts. Clearcuts and wooded bogs had the simplest communities, but had unique species assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the bird community was well correlated with vegetation structure. The primary gradient in upland forests was from deciduous to coniferous forests (also young to old, respectively). The secondary gradient was from structurally simple to complex forests. These results allow comparisons with other boreal areas to understand regional patterns and help describe the bird community for conservation purposes. Comunidades de Aves Canoras de Bosques Boreales del Valle de Liard, Territorios del Noroeste, Canadá Resumen. Luego de tres años de estudio, se describen las comunidades de aves canoras de bosques boreales del Valle de Liard, Territorios del Noroeste, Canadá. Se ubicaron estaciones de conteo de punto (n = 195) en seis tipos de bosque (maduro caducifolio, conífero y de maderas mixtas; bosques jóvenes; pantanos arbolados; zonas taladas) en un área de 700 km2. Las características de la vegetación en cada estación también fueron medidas. Se registraron 85 especies de aves (59 especies de paserinas) en 11 647 detecciones. Los bosques mixtos presentaron la mayor riqueza de aves canoras (∼41 especies por 800 individuos) de los seis tipos de bosque, y contuvieron aproximadamente 30% individuos más que los bosques de coníferas y los caducifolios. La riqueza de especies y la abundancia relativa fue 10–50% menor que en bosques comparables más al sur y al este, y la diferencia fue más pronunciada en los bosques caducifolios. Las comunidades estuvieron dominadas por unas pocas especies, especialmente Vermivora peregrina, Dendroica magnolia, Catharus ustulatus, Dendroica coronata y Spizella passerina. Zonotrichia albicollis, una especie dominante en bosques boreales más al sur, fue notablemente escasa en todos los bosques, excepto en las zonas taladas. Las áreas taladas y los pantanos arbolados tuvieron las comunidades más simples, pero presentaron ensamblajes únicos. Análisis de correspondencia canónica mostraron que la comunidad de aves estuvo bien correlacionada con la estructura de la vegetación. El gradiente primario en bosques de zonas altas fue de bosque caducifolio a conífero (también de joven a viejo, respectivamente). El gradiente secundario fue de bosques estructuralmente simples a bosques complejos. Estos resultados permiten hacer comparaciones con otros bosques boreales para entender los patrones regionales y ayudar a describir las comunidades de aves con fines de conservación.


2016 ◽  
Vol 92 (04) ◽  
pp. 453-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Waldron ◽  
J.-M Lussier ◽  
N. Thiffault ◽  
F. Bujold ◽  
J.-C. Ruel ◽  
...  

The face-to-face committee meeting is one of the most common expert consultation methods used in forest management. However, it is also laden with disadvantages, such as potential inequity in its consideration of participant opinion and the time involvement required. This led us to evaluate another expert consultation method, the Delphi method, namely by implementing it to identify ecological issues associated with second-growth boreal forests in eastern Canada. We compared this method to the committee meeting method with regard to the time investment required and the efficiency of the consultations. In all, 21 experts participated in three rounds of our implementation of the Delphi method. Subsequently, we administered an appreciation survey comparing the participants’ attitudes vis-à-vis the two methods. These comparisons showed that Delphi was less time-consuming compared to a committee meeting consultation of comparable scope. Participants also considered the Delphi method to be fair and impartial, as all opinions were considered, which is frequently not the case in committee meetings. That said, participants believed that committee meetings allowed for a greater understanding of others’ opinions. Overall, the application of the Delphi method was shown to be a promising way of determining forest ecosystem management issues.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Schiedung ◽  
Philippa Ascough ◽  
Severin-Luca Bellè ◽  
Samuel Abiven

<p>Wildfires occur regularly in the boreal forests of Northern Canada and an increasing frequency and intensity due to the global climate change is projected. A by-product of these forest fires is pyrogenic carbon (PyC) as a residue of incomplete combustion. The quantity and age of PyC in boreal forest soils, however, are largely unknown although boreal soils contribute to a large extent to the global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. The Mackenzie River is a major export pathway for PyC between terrestrial and marine environments, with exported PyC ages on geological timescales. This indicates that soil may play an important role as an intermediate pool prior to the PyC export. We sampled eleven forest soils (with nine replicates) in the Canadian Taiga Plains and Shield within the Mackenzie River basin. Our sample sites were located in regions with soils under continuous permafrost in the Inuvik region (northern sites) and under sporadic and discontinuous permafrost in the South Slave Lake regions (southern sites). All sites were unaffected by fire for at least four decades. We used the hydrogen pyrolysis (HyPy) method to separate the PyC<sub>HyPy</sub> from the non-fire-derived SOC in the upper 0-15 cm to determine PyC<sub>HyPy</sub> stocks and performed radiocarbon dating upon both bulk soil and isolated PyC<sub>HyPy</sub>. The total SOC stocks were lower in the soil from the southern sites with on average 26 ± 20 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> (10-153 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) compared to 57 ± 29 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> (16-188 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) in the northern sites. The radiocarbon dating revealed much older PyC<sub>HyPy</sub> compared to the bulk soil SOC radiocarbon age, supporting the persistent nature of PyC and stabilization in soils. The PyC<sub>HyPy </sub>found in the soil of the southern sites, however, was much younger with ages in the range of 495-3 275 radiocarbon years BP than in the northern sites with ages on the range of 2 083-10 407 radiocarbon years BP. The larger SOC stocks and higher ages of PyC<sub>HyPy</sub> in the soils of the northern sites indicate the importance of permafrost conditions for the whole carbon cycle of boreal forests soils.</p>


2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Nobutaka Nakamura ◽  
Paul M. Woodard ◽  
Lars Bach

Abstract Tree boles in the boreal forests of Alberta, Canada will split once killed by a stand-replacing crown fire. A total of 1,485 fire-killed trees were sampled, 1 yr after burning, in 23 plots in 14 widely separated stands within a 370,000 ha fire. Sampling occurred in the Upper and Lower Foothills natural subregions. The frequency of splitting varied by species but averaged 41% for all species. The order in the frequency of splitting was balsam fir, black spruce, white spruce and lodgepole pine. The type of splitting (straight, spiral, or multiple) varied by species, as did the position of the split on the tree bole. Aspect or solar angle was not statistically related to the type or occurrence of splitting.


Author(s):  
Olalla Díaz-Yáñez ◽  
Timo Pukkala ◽  
Petteri Packalen ◽  
Manfred J Lexer ◽  
Heli Peltola

Abstract Boreal forests produce multiple ecosystem services for the society. Their trade-offs determine whether they should be produced simultaneously or whether it is preferable to assign separate areas to different ecosystem services. We use simulation and optimization to analyse the correlations, trade-offs and production levels of several ecosystem services in single- and multi-objective forestry over 100 years in a boreal forest landscape. The case study area covers 3600 ha of boreal forest, consisting of 3365 stands. The ecosystem services and their indicators (in parentheses) considered are carbon sequestration (forestry carbon balance), biodiversity (amount of deadwood and broadleaf volume), economic profitability of forestry (net present value of timber production) and timber supply to forest industry (volume of harvested timber). The treatment alternatives simulated for each of the stands include both even-aged rotation forestry (thinning from above with clear cut) and continuous cover forestry regimes (thinning from above with no clear cut). First, we develop 200 Pareto optimal plans by maximizing multi-attribute utility functions using random weights for the ecosystem service indicators. Second, we compare the average level of ecosystem services in single- and multi-objective forestry. Based on our findings, forestry carbon balance and the amount of deadwood correlate positively with each other, and both of them correlate negatively with harvested timber volume and economic profitability of forestry. Despite this, the simultaneous maximization of multiple objectives increased the overall production levels of several ecosystem services, which suggests that the management of boreal forests should be multi-objective to sustain the simultaneous provision of timber and other ecosystem services.


2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Carcaillet ◽  
Pierre J. H. Richard ◽  
Yves Bergeron ◽  
Bianca Fréchette ◽  
Adam A. Ali

The hypothesis that changes in fire frequency control the long-term dynamics of boreal forests is tested on the basis of paleodata. Sites with different wildfire histories at the regional scale should exhibit different vegetation trajectories. Mean fire intervals and vegetation reconstructions are based respectively on sedimentary charcoal and pollen from two small lakes, one in the Mixedwood boreal forests and the second in the Coniferous boreal forests. The pollen-inferred vegetation exhibits different trajectories of boreal forest dynamics after afforestation, whereas mean fire intervals have no significant or a delayed impact on the pollen data, either in terms of diversity or trajectories. These boreal forests appear resilient to changes in fire regimes, although subtle modifications can be highlighted. Vegetation compositions have converged during the last 1200 years with the decrease in mean fire intervals, owing to an increasing abundance of boreal species at the southern site (Mixedwood), whereas changes are less pronounced at the northern site (Coniferous). Although wildfire is a natural property of boreal ecosystems, this study does not support the hypothesis that changes in mean fire intervals are the key process controlling long-term vegetation transformation. Fluctuations in mean fire intervals alone do not explain the historical and current distribution of vegetation, but they may have accelerated the climatic process of borealisation, likely resulting from orbital forcing.


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