Maintenance of the Boreal Forest Rainbelts during Northern Summer

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Ho Yoon ◽  
Tsing-Chang Chen

Abstract It is not unreasonable to expect that boreal forests that exist along 60°N in the Eurasian and North American continents were created and are maintained by warm seasonal rainfall. As revealed from satellite observations and various precipitation sources, zonally elongated rainbelts appear along these forests. Previous studies show that a relationship may exist between the frontal zone along the Arctic seaboard and regional patterns of high-latitude precipitation. It was observed by this study that baroclinic zones associated with strong Arctic westerlies coincide with minor storm tracks and boreal forest rainbelts only in eastern Canada. In contrast, this coincidence does not occur in northern Europe, eastern Siberia, and the Alaska–Pacific coast, because boreal forest rainbelts in these regions are located farther south of strong Arctic westerlies and ahead of high-latitude troughs over central Eurasia, the Bering Sea, the Labrador Sea, and the Norwegian Sea. Therefore, instead of baroclinicity along strong Arctic westerlies, favorable environments for the formation of minor storm tracks are developed by positive vorticity advections ahead of these high-latitude troughs. The water vapor budget analyses performed with NCEP and Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-1) reanalyses show that the boreal forest rainbelts are essentially maintained by the convergence of water vapor flux associated with transient disturbances at high latitudes.

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Machtans ◽  
Paul B. Latour

Abstract Songbird communities in the boreal forest of the Liard Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada, are described after three years of study. Point count stations (n = 195) were placed in six types of forest (mature deciduous, coniferous, and mixedwood; young forests; wooded bogs; clearcuts) in a 700-km2 area. Vegetation characteristics at each station were also measured. Eighty-five species of birds (59 passerine species) occurred in 11 647 detections. Mixedwood forests had the highest richness of songbirds (∼41 species per 800 individuals) of the six forest types, and contained approximately 30% more individuals than nearly pure coniferous or deciduous forests. Species richness and relative abundance was 10–50% lower than in comparable forests farther south and east, and the difference was most pronounced in deciduous forests. Communities were dominated by a few species, especially Tennessee Warbler (Vermivora peregrina), Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia), Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata) and Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina). White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), a dominant species in boreal forests farther south, was notably scarce in all forests except clearcuts. Clearcuts and wooded bogs had the simplest communities, but had unique species assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the bird community was well correlated with vegetation structure. The primary gradient in upland forests was from deciduous to coniferous forests (also young to old, respectively). The secondary gradient was from structurally simple to complex forests. These results allow comparisons with other boreal areas to understand regional patterns and help describe the bird community for conservation purposes. Comunidades de Aves Canoras de Bosques Boreales del Valle de Liard, Territorios del Noroeste, Canadá Resumen. Luego de tres años de estudio, se describen las comunidades de aves canoras de bosques boreales del Valle de Liard, Territorios del Noroeste, Canadá. Se ubicaron estaciones de conteo de punto (n = 195) en seis tipos de bosque (maduro caducifolio, conífero y de maderas mixtas; bosques jóvenes; pantanos arbolados; zonas taladas) en un área de 700 km2. Las características de la vegetación en cada estación también fueron medidas. Se registraron 85 especies de aves (59 especies de paserinas) en 11 647 detecciones. Los bosques mixtos presentaron la mayor riqueza de aves canoras (∼41 especies por 800 individuos) de los seis tipos de bosque, y contuvieron aproximadamente 30% individuos más que los bosques de coníferas y los caducifolios. La riqueza de especies y la abundancia relativa fue 10–50% menor que en bosques comparables más al sur y al este, y la diferencia fue más pronunciada en los bosques caducifolios. Las comunidades estuvieron dominadas por unas pocas especies, especialmente Vermivora peregrina, Dendroica magnolia, Catharus ustulatus, Dendroica coronata y Spizella passerina. Zonotrichia albicollis, una especie dominante en bosques boreales más al sur, fue notablemente escasa en todos los bosques, excepto en las zonas taladas. Las áreas taladas y los pantanos arbolados tuvieron las comunidades más simples, pero presentaron ensamblajes únicos. Análisis de correspondencia canónica mostraron que la comunidad de aves estuvo bien correlacionada con la estructura de la vegetación. El gradiente primario en bosques de zonas altas fue de bosque caducifolio a conífero (también de joven a viejo, respectivamente). El gradiente secundario fue de bosques estructuralmente simples a bosques complejos. Estos resultados permiten hacer comparaciones con otros bosques boreales para entender los patrones regionales y ayudar a describir las comunidades de aves con fines de conservación.


2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery R. Werner ◽  
Charles J. Krebs ◽  
Scott A. Donker ◽  
Rudy Boonstra ◽  
Michael J. Sheriff

Context The arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) comprised 17% of the biomass of herbivores in the Yukon boreal forest during the summer months from 1987 to 1996 and was responsible for 23% of the energy flow at the herbivore level. By 2000, ground squirrel populations in this region collapsed to nearly zero and have remained there. Aims We summarise the population monitoring (since 1975) and recent experimental work that has been done on this key herbivore in the Kluane area of the southern Yukon to test one mechanistic hypothesis as the possible explanation for this population collapse and subsequent lack of recovery: predation. Methods Ground squirrels are the preferred summer prey of bird and mammal predators when snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) populations are declining. We used translocations into formerly occupied habitat and radiotelemetry to determine movements and causes of death from 2009 to 2014. We surveyed 158 sites between 2008 and 2013 to measure the disappearance of colonies in alpine and forest habitats over 25 000 km2. Key results Ground squirrels from 2000 to 2013 comprised a small fraction of the herbivore biomass in the boreal forest zone, down from 17% earlier. Most forest populations (~95%) are currently extinct, whereas just over half (65%) of low-elevation meadow populations are locally extinct. One hypothesis is that ground squirrels in the forest have been driven into a predator pit from which they cannot recover. They remain abundant in alpine tundra (93% occupancy rate) and around airport runways and human habitations (97% occupancy), but there is no apparent dispersal from alpine areas down into the boreal forest. Conclusion The predator pit hypothesis is a likely explanation for the initial collapse and sustained decline in population size from 2000 to 2013. Recent attenuation of the hare cycle and milder winter climate have allowed shrubs to expand throughout the forest, thereby reducing visibility and increasing predation risk. This conclusion will be tested in further research using reintroductions to formerly occupied sites. Implication If the loss of this herbivore from the boreal forest is not reversed, predator pressure on the other major herbivores of the montane forest zone is likely to change significantly.


2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1143-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Flournoy ◽  
Steven B. Feldstein ◽  
Sukyoung Lee ◽  
Eugene E. Clothiaux

Abstract The Tropically Excited Arctic Warming (TEAM) mechanism ascribes warming of the Arctic surface to tropical convection, which excites poleward-propagating Rossby wave trains that transport water vapor and heat into the Arctic. A crucial component of the TEAM mechanism is the increase in downward infrared radiation (IR) that precedes the Arctic warming. Previous studies have examined the downward IR associated with the TEAM mechanism using reanalysis data. To corroborate previous findings, this study examines the linkage between tropical convection, Rossby wave trains, and downward IR with Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) downward IR station data. The physical processes that drive changes in the downward IR are also investigated by regressing 300-hPa geopotential height, outgoing longwave radiation, water vapor flux, ERA-Interim downward IR, and other key variables against the BSRN downward IR at Barrow, Alaska, and Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. Both the Barrow and the Ny-Ålesund station downward IR anomalies are preceded by anomalous tropical convection and poleward-propagating Rossby wave trains. The wave train associated with Barrow resembles the Pacific–North America teleconnection pattern, and that for Ny-Ålesund corresponds to a northwestern Atlantic wave train. It is found that both wave trains promote warm and moist advection from the midlatitudes into the Arctic. The resulting water vapor flux convergence, multiplied by the latent heat of vaporization, closely resembles the regressed ERA-Interim downward IR. These results suggest that the combination of warm advection, latent heat release, and increased cloudiness all contribute toward an increase in downward IR.


2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 12087-12136 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Rogers ◽  
J. T. Randerson ◽  
G. B. Bonan

Abstract. Fires in the boreal forests of North America are generally stand-replacing, killing the majority of trees and initiating succession that may last over a century. Functional variation during succession can affect local surface energy budgets and, potentially, regional climate. Burn area across Alaska and Canada has increased in the last few decades and is projected to be substantially higher by the end of the 21st century because of a warmer climate with longer growing seasons. Here we simulated the changes in forest composition due to altered burn area using a stochastic model of fire occurrence, historical fire data from national inventories, and succession trajectories derived from remote sensing. When coupled to an Earth system model, younger vegetation from increased burning cooled the high-latitude atmosphere, primarily in the winter and spring, with noticeable feedbacks from the ocean and sea ice. Results from multiple scenarios suggest that a doubling of burn area would result in surface cooling of 0.23 ± 0.09 °C and 0.43 ± 0.12 °C for winter–spring and February–April time periods, respectively. This could provide a negative feedback to high-latitude terrestrial warming during winter on the order of 4–6% for a doubling, and 14–23% for a quadrupling, of burn area. Further work is needed to integrate all the climate drivers from boreal forest fires, including aerosols and greenhouse gasses.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 699-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Rogers ◽  
J. T. Randerson ◽  
G. B. Bonan

Abstract. Fires in the boreal forests of North America are generally stand-replacing, killing the majority of trees and initiating succession that may last over a century. Functional variation during succession can affect local surface energy budgets and, potentially, regional climate. Burn area across Alaska and Canada has increased in the last few decades and is projected to be substantially higher by the end of the 21st century because of a warmer climate with longer growing seasons. Here we simulated changes in forest composition due to altered burn area using a stochastic model of fire occurrence, historical fire data from national inventories, and succession trajectories derived from remote sensing. When coupled to an Earth system model, younger vegetation from increased burning cooled the high-latitude atmosphere, primarily in the winter and spring, with noticeable feedbacks from the ocean and sea ice. Results from multiple scenarios suggest that a doubling of burn area would cool the surface by 0.23 ± 0.09 °C across boreal North America during winter and spring months (December through May). This could provide a negative feedback to winter warming on the order of 3–5% for a doubling, and 14–23% for a quadrupling, of burn area. Maximum cooling occurs in the areas of greatest burning, and between February and April when albedo changes are largest and solar insolation is moderate. Further work is needed to integrate all the climate drivers from boreal forest fires, including aerosols and greenhouse gasses.


2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 4291-4298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsing-Chang Chen ◽  
Wan-Ru Huang ◽  
Eugene S. Takle

Abstract Annual variation of midlatitude precipitation and its maintenance through divergent water vapor flux were explored by the use of hydrological variables from three reanalyses [(NCEP–NCAR, ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA), and Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-1)] and two global precipitation datasets [Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)]. Two annual variation patterns of midlatitude precipitation were identified:Tropical–midlatitude precipitation contrast: Midlatitude precipitation along storm tracks over the oceans attains its maximum in winter and its minimum in summer opposite to that over the tropical continents.Land–ocean precipitation contrast: The annual precipitation variation between the oceans and the continent masses exhibits a pronounced seesaw.The annual variation of precipitation along storm tracks of both hemispheres follows that of the convergence of transient water vapor flux. On the other hand, the land–ocean precipitation contrast in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes is primarily maintained by the annual seesaw between the divergence of stationary water vapor flux over the western oceans and the convergence of this water vapor flux over the eastern oceans during winter. The pattern is reversed during the summer. This divergence–convergence exchange of stationary water vapor flux is coupled with the annual evolution of upper-level ridges over continents and troughs over the oceans.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Kopec ◽  
Martin Werner ◽  
Kyle Mattingly ◽  
Eric Klein ◽  
David Noone ◽  
...  

<p>One of the key changes of the global climate system is the loss of Arctic sea ice, particularly through its impact on ocean-atmosphere interactions. Enhanced evaporation under open-water conditions is widespread from places and periods previously precluded by perennial sea ice cover, leading to an increase in vapor uptake across the Arctic. However, the response of ocean-atmosphere system to sea ice loss varies significantly over time and space. To quantify these variations, the Arctic Water Isotope Network (AWIN) has been established to make continuous water vapor isotope measurements (δD, δ<sup>18</sup>O, and d-excess) at seven land-based stations from Barrow, Alaska to Ny Alesund, Svalbard. This network has been supplemented by continuous mobile isotope data from the CiASOM project on the Polarstern ice-breaker throughout the MOSAiC “Arctic-drift” expedition. With this network, we comprehensively track water vapor from its source to sink, thereby demonstrating how it varies simultaneously across the entire Arctic Basin.</p><p>Here, we utilize AWIN measurements to specifically quantify how variations in sea ice extent and distribution affect moisture content, water vapor isotope traits, and transport along several critical storm tracks. By monitoring vapor isotopic changes in air masses advected from one site to another, we are able to track how much moisture is added along a given trajectory. We investigate several primary vapor transport pathways into the Arctic, including the North Atlantic/Greenland Sea, Baffin Bay, and the Bering Strait, and track the geochemical signature of this vapor as it transits along these well-established storm pathways into and within the Arctic. By quantifying isotopic changes between our sites we: 1) identify the distinct isotopic fingerprint of moisture sourced by evaporation from Arctic seas that is critically dependent on variable sea ice conditions, 2) detect moisture addition into critical storm tracks as they transit across the Arctic, and 3) determine the spatial variability of this enhanced Arctic-sourced evaporation and moisture. We find that for every major storm track observed, the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas are significant sources of enhanced moisture uptake, acting within an amplified water cycle.</p>


2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1328-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Mansuy ◽  
Sylvie Gauthier ◽  
André Robitaille ◽  
Yves Bergeron

In many northern forest ecosystems, the postfire transition from a closed-crown forest to open woodland is often observed but poorly understood. This paper looks at the effect of interactions between surficial deposit, climate, and fire cycle on postfire forest recovery within a large territory (190 000 km2) of the boreal forest of eastern Canada. Postfire recovery was estimated using the time elapsed to move from the burnt stage to the regenerated stage and the young forest stage. The main objective was to determine if forests situated in dry regions (characterized by a high proportion of dry coarse surficial deposits, low precipitation, and short fire cycle) tend to reestablish more slowly after fire, obtaining a more open stand compared with wetter regions characterized by a longer fire cycle. To identify the best explanatory model for postfire recovery, multinomial logistic regressions with the Akaike information criterion were conducted using a combination of physicoclimatic factors. Our best model suggests that the most significant predictors of postfire recovery are time since fire (χ2 = 1370.06), surficial deposit type (χ2 = 651.95), the Canadian Drought Code (χ2 = 247.75), and the growing season precipitation (χ2 = 102.80). Fast recovery and dense forest regeneration are associated with subhydric till deposits only in the regions characterized by a long fire cycle (>500 years). Conversely, slow regeneration conducive to a sparse young forest was usually associated with regions characterized by a short fire cycle (<200 years) underlain by dry coarse deposits such as juxtaglacial but also mesic deposits in some cases. Our results also show that slow recovery and reduced forest regeneration are most likely to occur following fires that occurred in dry years, regardless of the deposit type and region.


1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric P. Hoberg ◽  
Lena N. Measures

Anophryocephalus inuitorum sp.nov. and A. arcticensis sp.nov. are described from ringed seals (Phoca hispida hispida) in the eastern Canadian Arctic; the latter species is also reported from harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Anophryocephalus inuitorum is most similar to A. skrjabini, but can be distinguished by fewer testes (14–27) and smaller dimensions of the strobila, neck (3.0–5.9 mm long), and cirrus sac (31–70 μm long), diameter of the genital atrium (44–68 μm), and length of the male canal (23–42 μm long). Anophryocephalus arcticensis resembles A. nunivakensis in the structure of the scolex, but is readily distinguished by a longer neck (8.9–14.7 mm), an elongate cirrus sac (60–98 × 44–73 μm) with a substantially thicker muscular wall, a more globular vitelline gland, and larger embryophores (29–41 μm long) and oncospheres (24–34 μm long). These are the first species of Anophryocephalus to be described from phocines in the eastern Canadian Arctic, and are included in a revised key for the genus.


Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 451-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Hugron ◽  
Roxane Andersen ◽  
Monique Poulin ◽  
Line Rochefort

Plant colonization after gravel extraction for road construction is slow and is often considered to be primary succession. The goal of this study was to identify the plant communities that spontaneously colonized borrow pits located in boreal climate zones and to assess how environmental variables influenced this colonization process. It also helped identifying potential combinations of plants to use as well as environmental factors to improve to restore borrow pits. A total of 505 plots were inventoried in 117 borrow pits located in the boreal forest highlands 120 km northeast of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (Parc national des Grands Jardins). Species cover was visually estimated for different plant communities within each borrow pit where slope and soil characteristics were also evaluated. We used multivariate analyses, including clustering, redundancy, and regression tree analyses. The borrow pits studied were undergoing primary succession processes decades after abandonment. The main pioneer species were bryophytes and lichens. Soil water content and soil physicochemistry had the greatest influence on the natural colonization of borrow pits. We observed that, based on the prevailing conditions, the bryophytes Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. and Niphotrichum canescens (Hedw.) Bednarek-Ochyra & Ochyra, lichens of the genus Stereocaulon , and the lichen Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch could potentially act as nurse species and could initiate the restoration of borrow pits located in boreal forests.


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