Fungal associates of five bark beetle species colonizing Norway spruce

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2115-2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Fungal Associates

Fungi associated with five bark beetle species colonizing Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) were isolated from beetle-inoculated logs. Ipstypographus L., an aggressive tree-killing bark beetle, was associated with a different range of blue-stain fungi than the nonaggressive Pityogeneschalcographus L., Polygraphuspoligraphus L., and Hylurgopspalliatus Gyll. The flora of the nonaggressive Ipsduplicatus Sahib. was similar to that of I. typographus. The pathogenic fungus Ceratocystispolonica (Siem.) C. Moreau, and other blue-stain fungi, were isolated in high frequency from inoculations with both Ips species. Pathogenic blue-stain fungi were absent, or isolated in low frequencies, from inoculations with the other nonaggressive beetle species. With the exception of I. duplicatus, these results support the hypothesis that aggressive bark beetles carry more pathogenic blue-stain fungi than other bark beetles and indicate that pathogenic fungi are important for aggressive bark beetles to kill trees.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Four Blue-Stain Fungi Associated with Aggressive and Nonaggressive Bark Beetles

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The pathogenicity of two isolates of each of four bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungi was evaluated after mass inoculation of about 40-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies). Trees were inoculated with a different isolate of each fungus in 1995 and 1996 at a density of 400 inoculations per m2 in a 1.2-m-wide band on the lower bole (about 270 inoculations per tree). Trees were felled 15 weeks after inoculation. In 1995, Ceratocystis polonica was the only fungus that had stained the sapwood (56.3% of cross-sectional sapwood area). It induced five times longer phloem necroses, 21 times more dead cambium, and 11 times more dead phloem than any other fungus. In 1996, C. polonica induced less extensive host symptoms and an unidentified Ambrosiella sp. induced comparable symptoms to C. polonica in the phloem and cambium. No trees showed any foliar symptoms 15 weeks after inoculation, but six out of eight trees inoculated with C. polonica in 1995 had only 0 to 25% functional sapwood and probably would have died if felling had been delayed. This study confirms that C. polonica, an associate of the aggressive bark beetle Ips typographus, is pathogenic to Norway spruce. The pathogenicity of the Ambrosiella sp., which is associated with a nonaggressive bark beetle, seems moderate and varies between isolates. The two remaining fungi included in this study (Ophiostoma piceae and a dark fungus with sterile mycelium), which are associated with nonaggressive bark beetles, were nonpathogenic in both experiments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aggressive bark beetle species vector virulent fungi that may help them kill trees, but the results also show that some nonaggressive bark beetles may vector phytopathogenic fungi.

Ophiostoma species (Ascomycetes: Ophiostomatales) associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) colonizing Pinus radiata in northern Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Romón ◽  
XuDong Zhou ◽  
Juan Carlos Iturrondobeitia ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Arturo Goldarazena
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae ◽  
Resource Overlap ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Fungal Associates

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) are known to be associated with fungi, especially species of Ophiostoma sensu lato and Ceratocystis . However, very little is known about these fungi in Spain. In this study, we examined the fungi associated with 13 bark beetle species and one weevil (Coleoptera: Entiminae) infesting Pinus radiata in the Basque Country of northern Spain. This study included an examination of 1323 bark beetles or their galleries in P. radiata. Isolations yielded a total of 920 cultures, which included 16 species of Ophiostoma sensu lato or their asexual states. These 16 species included 69 associations between fungi and bark beetles and weevils that have not previously been recorded. The most commonly encountered fungal associates of the bark beetles were Ophiostoma ips , Leptographium guttulatum , Ophiostoma stenoceras , and Ophiostoma piceae . In most cases, the niche of colonization had a significant effect on the abundance and composition of colonizing fungi. This confirms that resource overlap between species is reduced by partial spatial segregation. Interaction between niche and time seldom had a significant effect, which suggests that spatial colonization patterns are rarely flexible throughout timber degradation. The differences in common associates among the bark beetle species could be linked to the different niches that these beetles occupy.

scholarly journals Antioxidant defences of Norway spruce bark against bark beetles and its associated blue-stain fungus

Agricultura ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Mateja Felicijan ◽  
Metka Novak ◽  
Nada Kraševec ◽  
Andreja Urbanek Krajnc
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Inducible Defences ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ceratocystis Polonica

Abstract Bark beetles and their fungal associates are integral parts of forest ecosystems, the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus Linnaeus, 1758) and the associated pathogenic blue stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica (SIEM.) C. MOREAU, are the most devastating pests regarding Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. KARST.]. Bark beetles commonly inhabit weakened and felled trees as well as vital trees. They cause physiological disorders in trees by destroying a phloem and cambium or interrupt the transpiration -ow in the xylem. Conifers have a wide range of effective defence mechanisms that are based on the inner bark anatomy and physiological state of the tree. The basic function of bark defences is to protect the nutrient-and energy-rich phloem, the vital meristematic region of the vascular cambium, and the transpiration -ow in the sapwood. The main area of defence mechanisms is secondary phloem, which is physically and chemically protected by polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cells, sclerenchyma, calcium oxalate crystals and resin ducts. Conifer trunk pest resistance includes constitutive, inducible defences and acquired resistance. Both constitutive and inducible defences may deter beetle invasion, impede fungal growth and close entrance wounds. During a successful attack, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) becomes effective and represents a third defence strategy. It gradually develops throughout the plant and provides a systemic change within the whole tree’s metabolism, which is maintained over a longer period of time. The broad range of defence mechanisms that contribute to the activation and utilisation of SAR, includes antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes, which are generally linked to the actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The presented review discusses the current knowledge on the antioxidant defence strategies of spruce inner bark against the bark beetle (Ips typographus) and associated blue stain fungus (Ceratocystis polonica).

scholarly journals Endemic Jeffrey Pine Beetle Associates: Beetle/Mite Fungal Dissemination Strategies and Interactions That May Influence Beetle Population Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1641
Author(s):  
Javier E. Mercado ◽  
Beatriz Ortiz-Santana ◽  
Shannon L. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Jeffrey Pine ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Grosmannia Clavigera ◽  
Mutualistic Fungus ◽  
Jeffrey Pine Beetle

Fungal and mite associates may drive changes in bark beetle populations, and mechanisms constraining beetle irruptions may be hidden in endemic populations. We characterized common fungi of endemic-level Jeffrey pine beetle (JPB) in western USA and analyzed their dissemination by JPB (maxillae and fecal pellet) and fungivorous mites to identify if endogenous regulation drove the population. We hypothesized that: (1) as in near-endemic mountain pine beetle populations, JPB’s mutualistic fungus would either be less abundant in endemic than in non-endemic populations or that another fungus may be more prevalent; (2) JPB primarily transports its mutualistic fungus, while its fungivorous mites primarily transport another fungus, and (3) based on the prevalence of yeasts in bark beetle symbioses, that a mutualistic interaction with blue-stain fungi present in that system may exist. Grosmannia clavigera was the most frequent JPB symbiont; however, the new here reported antagonist, Ophiostoma minus, was second in frequency. As hypothesized, JPB mostly carried its mutualist fungus while another fungus (i.e., antagonistic) was mainly carried by mites, but no fungal transport was obligate. Furthermore, we found a novel mutualistic interaction between the yeast Kuraishia molischiana and G. clavigera which fostered a growth advantage at temperatures associated with beetle colonization.

Impacts of European spruce bark beetle infestations on Norway spruce BVOC emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Jaakkola ◽  
Anna Maria Jönsson ◽  
Per-Ola Olsson ◽  
Maj-Lena Linderson ◽  
Thomas Holst
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Healthy Tree ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

<p>Tree killing by spruce bark beetles (<em>Ips typographus</em>) is one of the main disturbances to Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) forests in Europe and the risk of outbreaks is amplified by climate change with effects such as increased risk of storm felling, tree drought stress and an additional generation of spruce bark beetles per year<sup>[1]</sup>. The warm and dry summer of 2018 triggered large outbreaks in Sweden, the increased outbreaks are still ongoing and affected about 8 million m<sup>3</sup> forest in 2020<sup>[2]</sup>. This is the so far highest record of trees killed by the spruce bark beetle in a single year in Sweden<sup>[2]</sup>. In 1990-2010, the spruce bark beetle killed on average 150 000 m<sup>3</sup> forest per year in southern Sweden<sup>[3]</sup>. Bark beetles normally seek and attack Norway spruces with lowered defense, i.e. trees that are wind-felled or experience prolonged drought stress<sup>[4]</sup>. However, as the number of bark beetle outbreaks increase, the risk of attacks on healthy trees also increase<sup>[5]</sup>. This causes a higher threat to forest industry, and lowers the possibilities to mitigate climate change in terms of potential decreases in carbon uptake if the forests die<sup>[4,5]</sup>. Norway spruce trees normally defend themselves by drenching the beetles in resin<sup>[6]</sup>. The resin in turn contains different biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can vary if the spruce is attacked by bark beetles or not<sup> [4,6]</sup>. The most abundant group of terpenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), is most commonly emitted from conifers, such as Norway spruce<sup>[7,8]</sup>. The aim of this study was to enable a better understanding of the direct defense mechanisms of spruce trees by quantifying BVOC emissions and its composition from individual trees under attack</p><p>To analyze the bark beetles’ impact on Norway spruce trees a method was developed using tree trunk chambers and adsorbent tubes. This enables direct measurements of the production of BVOCs from individual trees. Three different sites in Sweden, with different environmental conditions were used for the study and samples were collected throughout the growing season of 2019. After sampling, the tubes were analyzed in a lab using automated thermal desorption coupled to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer to identify BVOC species and their quantity.</p><p>The preliminary results show a strong increase in BVOC emissions from a healthy tree that became infested during the data collection. The finalized results expect to enable better understanding of how spruce trees are affected by insect stress from bark beetles, and if bark beetle infestation will potentially result in increased carbon emission in the form of BVOCs.</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>[1] Jönsson et al. (2012). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 166: 188–200<br>[2] Skogsstyrelsen, (2020). https://via.tt.se/pressmeddelande/miljontals-granar-dodades-av-granbarkborren-2020?publisherId=415163&releaseId=3288473<br>[3] Marini et al. (2017). Ecography, 40(12), 1426–1435.<br>[4] Raffa (1991). Photochemical induction by herbivores. pp. 245-276<strong><br></strong>[5] Seidl, et al. (2014). Nature Climate Change, 4(9), 806-810. <br>[6] Ghimire, et al. (2016). Atmospheric Environment, 126, 145-152.<br>[7] Niinemets, U. and Monson, R. (2013). ISBN 978-94-007-6606-8<br>[8] Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M. (1999). Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 33(1), pp.23-88</p>

scholarly journals A comparative characteristic of fungal communities associated with Ips acuminatus in different regions of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Kateryna Davydenko
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea

Pine bark beetles are typically associated with complexes of fungi that could reveal different functional interaction. Thus, previously nonaggressive bark beetle Ips acuminatus is considering now to be among the most serious pests of pine forest in Ukraine and other European countries and vectored fungal community is very important to assess total harm of this bark beetle. The aim of this study was to reveal the vectored fungal community associated with the pine engraver beetle, I. acuminatus with special emphasis on pathogenic fungi for further evaluation of harm bark-beetle - fungi association for Ukrainian forest. In total, 288 adult beetles were collected from Scots pine trees at six different sites through Ukraine. DNA sequencing as fungal culturing from all beetles resulted in 1681 isolates and amplicons representing 42 fungal taxa. NCBI BLAST search revealed that the overall fungal community was composed of 94 species, of which 80.85% were Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota and unidentified fungal group, which accounted for 10.6% and 8.5 % of the total sequences, respectively. Among these, the most commonly detected fungi for pooling dataset were Sphaeropsis sapinea (23.6%), Cladosporium pini-ponderosae (19.44%), Ophiostoma ips (19.1%), Ophiostoma canum (19.1%) and Cladobotryum mycophilum (18.06%). In the pooled dataset of isolates and amplicons for each site, Shannon diversity indices ranged between 1.9 and 2.9 while Simpson diversity index varied between 0.69 and 0.89 indicating rich species diversity. In total twelve ophiostomatoid species were detected. All ophiostomatoid fungi were showing varying degrees of virulence and O. minus was the most aggressive fungus in previous studies. It is concluded that I. acuminatus vectors a species-rich fungal community including pathogens such as ophiostomatoid fungi, Sphaeropsis sapinea, different needle pathogens and wood decay fungi that seems to be very important for the assessment of threat of I. acuminatus to the pine forest in Ukraine.

The occurrence and pathogenicity of Geosmithia spp. and common blue-stain fungi associated with pine bark beetles in planted forests in Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mally Dori-Bachash ◽  
Liat Avrahami-Moyal ◽  
Alex Protasov ◽  
Zvi Mendel ◽  
Stanley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pine Bark Beetles ◽  
Blue Stain

Entomocorticium dendroctoni gen. et sp. nov. (Basidiomycotina), a possible nutritional symbiote of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine in British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
R. J. Bandoni ◽  
F. Oberwinkler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

A new basidiomycete, Entomocorticium dendroctoni Whitn., Band. & Oberw., gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. This cryptic fungus intermingles with blue stain fungi and produces abundant essentially sessile basidiospores in the galleries and pupal chambers of the mountain pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). The insect apparently disseminates the fungus. Experimentally, young partially insectary reared adult beetles fed E. dendroctoni produced 19% more eggs than beetles fed the blue stain fungi.

PHEROMONES IN IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1967-1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Vité ◽  
A. Bakke ◽  
J. A. A. Renwick
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Host Material ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
New Host ◽  
Contact Pheromones ◽  
Functional Types ◽  
Feeding Aggregation

AbstractComparative gas chromatographic analyses of volatiles generated by Ips indicate the presence of cis- and trans-verbenol in hindguts of the 12 species investigated. The biosynthesis of verbenol does not require feeding, but instead results from the insect’s contact with oleoresin. Ipsdienol is the most frequently occurring pheromone in Ips species after feeding. Aggregation of these bark beetles appears to be regulated by two distinct functional types of pheromones, i.e. contact pheromones, produced and/or released upon contact with new host material, and frass pheromones, which require actual feeding in the new host’s tissues. The aggregation of aggressive bark beetle species seems to be largely dependent on contact pheromones, whereas the host’s susceptibility to feeding is indicated by the release of frass pheromones.

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