Manure contamination with Clostridium botulinum after avian botulism outbreaks: management and potential risk of dissemination

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (6) ◽  
pp. 233-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozenn Souillard ◽  
Caroline LE Marechal ◽  
Loic Balaine ◽  
Sandra Rouxel ◽  
Typhaine Poezevara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Manure Storage ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
Avian Botulism ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Spore Dissemination

BackgroundPersistence of Clostridium botulinum in the environment is well known. Getting rid of it after animal botulism outbreaks is so tricky, especially as far as manure concerns. This study aimed at 1. describing manure management on 10 poultry farms affected by botulism and 2. assessing the persistence of C botulinum in poultry manure after the outbreak.MethodsEach farm was visited twice at two different manure storage times (two weeks after manure removal and two months later). Fifteen samples of manure were collected on each visit and C botulinum was detected using real-time PCR.ResultsManagement of manure varied among poultry farms (classical storage, addition of quicklime, bacterial flora or incineration). C botulinum was detected in the manure of all 10 farms, 56.5per cent of samples being positive. C botulinum was detected significantly more frequently at the second visit (65.8per cent vs 49.7per cent, P<0.01) and on the surface of the pile (63.1per cent vs 50per cent, P=0.025).ConclusionThis study shows the persistence of C botulinum in poultry manure over time after a botulism outbreak and highlights manure management as a key health issue in preventing spore dissemination in the environment and recurrence of the disease.

scholarly journals Black soldier fly: A new vista for livestock and poultry manure management

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1167-1179
Author(s):  
Ji-bin ZHANG ◽  
Jia ZHANG ◽  
Jia-hui LI ◽  
Jeffery K. TOMERLIN ◽  
Xiao-peng XIAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Black Soldier Fly

Water protection aggregation systems for cleaning surface waste water from the territories of poultry farms

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
O. R. Ilyasov ◽  
S. N. Koshelev ◽  
M. N. Kostomakhin ◽  
I. I. Gavrilin
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Water Protection ◽  
Poultry Farm ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Water Ecosystems

During the operation of poultry farms a large amount of poultry manure is accumulated. Surface wastewater from landfills for storing poultry manure can become the main source of pollution of natural waters. Thus, one of the most important problems of environmental protection is the development of effective systems for protecting aquatic ecosystems from pollution by waste water generated at landfills for storing poultry manure. The purpose of research was the analysis of water protection systems for treatment of surface wastewater from the territory of poultry farms. The authors of the article consider the problem of protection of water bodies from contamination by surface wastewater from the catchment area of poultry farms. The example of surface wastewater from the catchment area of the poultry farm “Sverdlovskaya” has shown the negative impact on water ecosystems. Our own studies of snow contamination from the catchment area of the poultry farm have shown a high content of not only organic and biogenic substances, but also heavy metals. A biotechnology of wastewater treatment using natural ion-exchange materials, followed by bioregeneration of the latter by higher aquatic vegetation, has been developed. The use of an accumulative phytofilter is an effective method of protecting water ecosystems from contamination by surface wastewater from catchment areas of poultry farms, and the design ensures not only the environmental friendliness of the technology, but also naturally fits into the landscape of the area.

Avian botulism in winter and spring and the stability of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin

1978 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Graham ◽  
G. Smith ◽  
E. Borland ◽  
J. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Type C ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Avian Botulism

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum isolated from ill poultry in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Antonio Casarin Penha Filho ◽  
Joseane Cristina Ferreira ◽  
Ana Maria Iba Kanashiro ◽  
Ana Lúcia da Costa Darini ◽  
Angelo Berchieri Junior
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Salmonella Gallinarum ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Salmonella Pullorum ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT: Salmonella Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum) are poultry host-specific, agents of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively. These biovars cause septicemic infections, resulting in high mortality. Outbreaks are frequently reported worldwide, causing losses due to the elimination of infected flocks and treatments. The use of antimicrobial agents is frequent in poultry farms to prevent or treat gastrointestinal infections. In the present research it was evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 50 S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum isolates, from outbreaks that occurred between 1987 to 1991 and 2006 to 2013. The comparison of the susceptibility profiles showed that all isolates were susceptible to β-lactams. All isolates from 1987-1991 were susceptible to all antibiotics tested except NAL and CIP (78%). The susceptibility profile of S. Gallinarum (2006 - 2013 period) was the following NAL (58%), CIP (63%), ENR (67%), TET (92%), FFC (96%) and SXT (96%). S. Pullorum isolates (2006 - 2013 period) showed the following susceptibility rates to NAL (65%), CIP (71%), ENR (94%) and TET (94%). All isolates were susceptible to β-lactams tested, however, resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones increased over time. Furthermore, low levels of resistance to other antibiotics were found in recent isolates, such as tetracyclines.

Ammonia diffusion through Nalophan™ bags

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selena Sironi ◽  
Lidia Eusebio ◽  
Licinia Dentoni ◽  
Laura Capelli ◽  
Renato Del Rosso
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Polymeric Film ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
Film Interface ◽  
Over Time

The aim of the work is to verify the diffusion rate of ammonia through the Nalophan™ film that constitutes the sampling bag, considering storage times ranging from 1 to 26 h. The ammonia decay over time was evaluated using gas-chromatography for the quantification of ammonia concentration inside the bag. The research assesses the roles of both of ammonia and water concentration gradients at the polymeric film interface on the diffusion process. The results show that both the ammonia concentration gradient and, in a less pronounced way, the water concentration gradient are the main ‘engines’ of ammonia diffusion. Double bags seem to represent a simple solution for preventing ammonia losses during storage. Another interesting result concerns the role of the bag surface on the ammonia diffusion rate: the higher the surface/volume (S/V) ratio, the higher the ammonia diffusion rate through the polymeric film.

Residual effects of one-time manure, crop residue and fertilizer amendments on a desurfaced soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis J. Larney ◽  
H. Henry Janzen ◽  
Andrew F. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Disturbed Soils ◽  
Over Time

Larney, F.J., Janzen, H.H. and Olson, A.F. 2011. Residual effectsof one-time manure, crop residue and fertilizer amendments on a desurfaced soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 1029–1043. Organic amendments are often used to mitigate the effects of soil degradation caused by erosion. In spring 1992, a desurfaced soil (∼15 cm depth mechanically removed to simulate erosion) received one-time applications of amendments (20 Mg ha−1dry wt), and was subsequently seeded annually to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). By 2009, six treatments (fresh and old cattle manure, hog and poultry manure, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay and straw+200 kg P ha−1) had cumulative yields which were not significantly different (−6.5 to −19.5%) from the topsoil check treatment (no topsoil removed, no amendment). Most (8 of 13) amendment treatments showed significant power function relationships between cumulative grain yield (expressed as a percent of topsoil check) and time while two (hog and poultry manure) were quadratic. Soil organic carbon (SOC) accrued on all treatments over time, increasing significantly from an average of 12.2 g kg−1in 1992 to 13.2 g kg−1(0–15 cm depth) in 2003. Residual amendment effects on total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were apparent 11.5 yr after application. Results demonstrated that while drastically disturbed soils may recover productivity in the absence of organic amendments (e.g., eroded check treatment), organic amendments play a residual role in their ongoing maintenance.

scholarly journals Outbreak of avian botulism in a backyard poultry farming / Surto de botulismo aviário em criação de aves domésticas

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 5663-5668
Author(s):  
Ana Lívia Vasconcelos De Sousa ◽  
Nathálya Lima Duarte ◽  
Diogo Mendonça Barth Pacini ◽  
Fernanda Campos Ilorca ◽  
Ana Maria de Souza Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Type C ◽  
Microscopic Findings ◽  
Avian Botulism ◽  
Poultry Farming

The purpose of this study is to report an outbreak of avian botulism in backyard poultry farming. In 2019, a botulism outbreak in a flock of laying hens was investigated in Brazil. In the flock of 30 hens, clinical signs of botulism occurred after they ate decaying vegetables. A type C botulism outbreak was confirmed using the mouse lethality assay for detection of botulinum toxin in serum and ELISA test to detect Clostridium botulinum in intestinal contents and serum. Botulism in laying hens has rarely been reported. The chickens developed cyanotic comb and wattle, dyspnea, different degrees of flaccid paralysis in the neck, and detachment of feathers. No macroscopic lesions were observed, as were microscopic findings. The chicken's serum was neutralized by C antitoxin, confirming the botulism diagnosis, and also toxin was detected in intestinal contents.

scholarly journals Equipment set for all-seasonal processing of poultry manure

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (3) ◽  
pp. 032059
Author(s):  
V Gusev ◽  
L Zazykina ◽  
I Sysoeva
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Solid Fraction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Nitrogen Emission ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Screen Separation ◽  
Extract Protein

Abstract New equipment set for the processing of manure, the main waste of poultry farms, into a range of ancillary products with predetermined properties and parameters is described. This technology decreases the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The method of preparation of manure for the usage as a solid fuel with decreased expenses for drying was developed; this method allows for the significant decrease of nitrogen content in the manure (resulting in the decreased nitrogen emission at burning). The method involves the preliminary mixing of the manure with a natural absorbent (3-5% of the dry matter of manure) sieved through the 0.2 mm screen; separation of the mixture (by centrifuging or pressing) to solid fraction (moisture content 45-56%) and liquid fraction; drying of the solid fraction in a cylinder drier to moisture content 12-22%; the final product can also be pelleted. A part of the product can be burned in a furnace to produce the heat for the drying of the solid fraction; liquid fraction can be further processed in a coagulator to extract protein or can be used as a liquid fertilizer or ingredient of the liquid substrates in the hydroponic greenhouses.

scholarly journals Development of An Innovative and Quick Method for the Isolation of Clostridium botulinum Strains Involved in Avian Botulism Outbreaks

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibault Le Gratiet ◽  
Typhaine Poezevara ◽  
Sandra Rouxel ◽  
Emmanuelle Houard ◽  
Christelle Mazuet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Type C ◽  
Avian Botulism

Avian botulism is a serious neuroparalytic disease mainly caused by a type C/D botulinum neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum group III, one of the entwined bacterial species from the Clostridium novyi sensu lato genospecies. Its isolation is very challenging due to the absence of selective media and the instability of the phage carrying the gene encoding for the neurotoxin. The present study describes the development of an original method for isolating C. botulinum group III strains. Briefly, this method consists of streaking the InstaGene matrix extraction pellet on Egg Yolk Agar plates and then collecting the colonies with lipase and lecithinase activities. Using this approach, it was possible to isolate 21 C. novyi sensu lato strains from 22 enrichment broths of avian livers, including 14 toxic strains. This method was successfully used to re-isolate type C, D, C/D, and D/C strains from liver samples spiked with five spores per gram. This method is cheap, user-friendly, and reliable. It can be used to quickly isolate toxic strains involved in avian botulism with a 64% success rate and C. novyi sensu lato with a 95% rate. This opens up new perspectives for C. botulinum genomic research, which will shed light on the epidemiology of avian botulism.

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