scholarly journals Heightened bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the absence of heightened atopy in children with current wheezing and low-income status.

Thorax ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Mallol ◽  
Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez ◽  
Eliana Cortez ◽  
Viviana Aguirre ◽  
Pedro Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Prick Test ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Although global studies as ISAAC have provided with valuable data on the prevalence of asthma in children of Latin America, there is very few information on the relationship between asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy in the region. Methods: This study examined the relationship between self-reported wheezing in the last 12 months, pulmonary function, airway responsiveness and atopy in children from a low-income population neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. Two random samples (100 each) of children aged 13-14 years who participated in ISAAC Phase One were selected according to whether they have reported or not, wheezing in the last 12 months. Spirometry, methacholine bronchial challenge test and prick test were performed in all individuals. Results: Children who reported current wheezing had significantly higher bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine as compared to those without wheezing (71.6% vs.52.6%, respectively; p=0.007,) and no significant difference was found in FEV1 (116.7„b12.3% vs. 120.3„b14.5%, respectively, p=0.11). The prevalence of atopy was not significantly different between those children who reported wheezing as compared to those who did not (44.2% vs. 42.3%; respectively, p=0.89). Multiple regression analysis showed that only BHR to methacholine (OR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.25-4.13, p=0.01) and maternal asthma (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.2-8.3, p=0.03) were significant risk factors for current wheezing. Conclusions: Our results support previous findings suggesting that in adolescents from unprivileged populations, self-reported current wheezing is related to BHR but not to atopy.

scholarly journals What are the expectations of parents from preschool education institutions: Why do they choose? What are they waiting for?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-123
Author(s):  
Sibel Yoleri
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
School Policy ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Significant Difference

The goal of this study was to investigate the expectations of the parents with a child enrolled at a preschool education institution from preschool education institutions. This research was designed as a survey study. The sample of this study consisted of 326 children, enrolled at preschool education institutions in the center of Usak province, and their parents. "Parents' Expectations from Preschool Institutions Questionnaire" developed by Simsek and Ivrendi (2014), and "Demographics Information Form" were used as data collection tools to determine the expectations of parents from preschool education institutions. It was concluded as a result of the study that the parents had a "low level" expectation related to the sub-scales of (teacher, education-family, school policy, informing) of the Parents' Expectations from Preschool Institutions Questionnaire. A significant difference in favor of males was found out in the informing sub-scale according to the t-test results carried out related to parents' expectations in line with the gender of children. The expectations of parents from preschool institutions showed a significant difference according to income status. It was found out that the expectations of families with low income level from preschool institutions were higher compared to the expectations of families with middle- and high-income levels regarding the sub-scales of teacher and education-family.

scholarly journals “Association between Median Household Income, State Medicaid Expansion Status, and COVID-19 Outcomes Across US Counties”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsikata Apenyo ◽  
Antonio Vera-Urbina ◽  
Khansa Ahmad ◽  
Tracey H. Taveira ◽  
Wen-Chih Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Us Counties ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Income Quartile

AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between socioeconomic status and its interaction with State’s Medicaid-expansion policies on COVID-19 outcomes across United States (US) counties are uncertain. To determine the association between median-household-income and its interaction with State Medicaid-expansion status on COVID-19 incidence and mortality in US countiesMethodsLongitudinal, retrospective analysis of 3142 US counties (including District of Columbia) to study the relationship between County-level median-household-income (defined by US Census Bureau’s Small-Area-Income-and-Poverty-Estimates) and COVID-19 incidence and mortality per 100000 of the population in US counties from January 20, 2020 through December 6, 2020. County median-household-income was log-transformed and stratified by quartiles. Medicaid-expansion status was defined by US State’s Medicaid-expansion adoption as of first reported US COVID-19 infection, January 20, 2020. Multilevel mixed-effects generalized-linear-model with negative binomial distribution and log link function compared quartiles of median-household-income and COVID-19 incidence and mortality, reported as incidence-risk-ratio (IRR) and mortality-risk-ratio (MRR), respectively. Models adjusted for county socio-demographic and comorbidity conditions, population density, and hospitals, with a random intercept for states. Multiplicative interaction tested for Medicaid-expansion*income quartiles on COVID-19 incidence and mortality.ResultsThere was no significant difference in COVID-19 incidence across counties by income quartiles or by Medicaid expansion status. Conversely, significant differences exist between COVID-19 mortality by income quartiles and by Medicaid expansion status. The association between income quartiles and COVID-19 mortality was significant only in counties from non-Medicaid-expansion states but not significant in counties from Medicaid-expansion states (P<0.01 for interaction). For non-Medicaid-expansion states, counties in the lowest income quartile had a 41% increase in COVID-19 mortality compared to counties in the highest income quartile (MRR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.25-1.59).Conclusions and RelevanceMedian-household-income was not related to COVID-19 incidence but negatively related to COVID-19 mortality in US counties of states without Medicaid-expansion. It was unrelated to COVID-19 mortality in counties of states that adopted Medicaid-expansion. These findings suggest that expanded healthcare coverage should be investigated further to attenuate the excessive COVID-19 mortality risk associated with low-income communities.Key FindingsQuestionIs there a relationship between COVID-19 outcomes (incidence and mortality) and household income and status of Medicaid expansion of US counties?FindingsIn this longitudinal, retrospective analysis of 3142 US counties, we found no significant difference in COVID-19 incidence across US counties by quartiles of household income. However, counties with lower median household income had a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality, but only in non-Medicaid expansion states. This relationship was not significant in Medicaid expansion states.MeaningExpanded healthcare coverage through Medicaid expansion should be investigated as an avenue to attenuate the excessive COVID-19 mortality risk associated with low-income communities.

scholarly journals Morphometric study of banded gourami (Colisa fasciata) in Jessore, Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Sharmin Akter ◽  
Md Farid Uz Zaman ◽  
Md Hasan Uj Jaman ◽  
Iren Nahar Sithi ◽  
Dilruba Yesmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
B Value ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group Distribution

Population morphometry including population demography, size group distribution, length weight relationship and sex ratio of an important freshwater fish, Colisafasciata was studied which collected fromJessore and Jhenaidah districts in Bangladesh during May, 2014 to April, 2015. Random samples of 201 individuals (108males and 93 females) were collected from different fish markets in Jessore (Monirampur, Borobazar, Chowgasa) and Jhenaidah (Mohespur, Barobazar, Kotchandpur) districst. The mean size of the specimen was recorded 65.08 ±14.32 mm in length and 7.43 ±3.09 g in body weight. Females were found little smaller than males. The specimens were larger in winter than summer and monsoon season. But in monsoon season the females were larger than males. The maximum length of the specimen collected from Jhenaidah district was smaller compare to the specimen of Jessore district. Most of the population (29%) was observed under 55-64 mm size class. Linear relationship was obtained between the log length (mm) and log weight (g) of the species in respects of sexes, seasons, and districts. The allometric coefficient ‘b’ of the relationship indicated negative allometric growth of the species as ‘b’ value was less than 3. The overall sex ratio (male: female=1:0.86)showed significant difference from the expected value 1:1. Overall males showed non-significant over females (?2 =1.119) in all season of both districts but in November males showed the significant (P<0.01) dominance over females. However, the findings of the present study have helped us to understand more about the species is the prerequisites in fishery management strategy and culture system.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 113-120

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship Between Attendance at USDA Summer Food Service Program Sites and Baseline Household Food Security Status: Results from the Project SWEAT Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
Laura Hopkins ◽  
Cara Pannell ◽  
Carolyn Gunther
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Service Program ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives Explore the relationship between attendance at USDA Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) sites and baseline household food security status. Methods Two elementary schools in low-income urban neighborhoods of Columbus, OH were recruited. Families with children at these schools in grades pre-kindergarten through fifth were invited to participate. Caregivers completed a demographic survey at the end of school year 1 (baseline [t0]). Household food security was assessed at t0 using the USDA 6-item Short Form Food Security Module and based on responses participants were categorized as living in high marginal food security (HMFS), low food security (LFS), or very low food security (VLFS) households. Child attendance at USDA SFSP sites was collected via weekly text messages to caregivers using the online TextIt© platform. ANOVA was conducted to determine differences in attendance level by household food security status. Results 113 children representing 78 families enrolled. Mean age was 7.10 ± 0.21 yr, 79.65% were African American, 72.73% were low-income, and mean annual income was $28,222. Approximately 27% of families (n = 21) reported living in LFS (n = 10, 14.82%) or VLFS (n = 11, 12.10%) households. Overall mean attendance at summer programming was 10.40 ± 1.43 days (out of 50 possible days) and attendance by household food security status was 10.51 ± 1.61 (HMFS), 19.00 ± 6.15 (LFS), and 5.70 ± 2.85 (VLFS) days with a significant difference (P = 0.04) between LFS and VLFS households. Conclusions Children in VLFS (vs HMFS and LFS) households, who are at increased risk for hunger during the summertime window of risk, are attending sites offering the USDA SFSP least frequently. Future research and programmatic efforts should be targeted at children from the most vulnerable households to ensure food security during the summertime window of risk. Funding Sources USDA NC-NECE.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of roadway environment features related to child pedestrian safety by census tract income in Toronto, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Rothman ◽  
Marie-Soleil Cloutier ◽  
Kevin Manaugh ◽  
Andrew William Howard ◽  
Alison K Macpherson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
High Income ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speed Humps

BackgroundInvestments in traffic calming infrastructure and other street design features can enhance pedestrian safety as well as contribute to the ‘walkability’ of neighbourhoods. Pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions (PMVCs) in urban areas, however, remain common and occur more frequently in lower income neighbourhoods. While risk and protective features of roadways related to PMVC have been identified, little research exists examining the distribution of roadway environment features. This study examined the relationship between roadway environment features related to child pedestrian safety and census tract income status in Toronto.MethodsSpatial cluster detection based on 2006 census tract data identified low-income and high-income census tract clusters in Toronto. Police-reported PMVC data involving children between the ages of 5 and 14 years were mapped using geographical information system. Also mapped were roadway environment features (densities of speed humps, crossing guards, local roads, one-way streets and missing sidewalks). Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between roadway environment features (independent variables) and cluster income status (dependent variable), controlling for child census tract population.ResultsThere were significantly fewer speed humps and local roads in low-income versus high-income clusters. Child PMVC rates were 5.4 times higher in low-income versus high-income clusters.ConclusionSocioeconomic inequities in the distribution of roadway environment features related to child pedestrian safety have policy and process implications related to the safety of child pedestrians in urban neighbourhoods.

scholarly journals Decreased Pulmonary Function in School Children in Western Japan after Exposures to Asian Desert Dusts and Its Association with Interleukin-8

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanari Watanabe ◽  
Hisashi Noma ◽  
Jun Kurai ◽  
Hiroyuki Sano ◽  
Rumiko Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
School Children ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Interleukin 8 ◽  
Morning Peak Expiratory Flow ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of Asian dust storms (ADS) on pulmonary function of school children and the relationship of this effect with interleukin-8. Morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured daily in 399 children from April to May 2012 and in 384 of these children from March to May 2013. The data were analyzed for an association between ADS events and PEF by linear mixed models. Interleukin-8 transcriptional activity was assessed in THP-G8 cells stimulated by airborne particles collected on ADS days. Seven ADS days were identified: April 23 and 24, 2012; March 8 to 10, 2013; and March 19 and 20, 2013. Changes in PEF after ADS exposure were −8.17 L/min (95% confidence interval, −11.40 to −4.93) in 2012 and −1.17 L/min (−4.07 to 1.74) in 2013, and there was a significant difference between 2012 and 2013. Interleukin-8 transcriptional activity was significantly higher in 2012 at10.6±2.9-fold compared to3.7±0.4in March 8 to 10, 2013, and2.3±0.2in March 19 and 20, 2013. The influence of ADS events on pulmonary function of children differs with each ADS event and may be related to interleukin-8 production.

scholarly journals Racial differences in the relationship between infant mortality and socioeconomic status

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Stockwell ◽  
Franklin W. Goza
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Income Status ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThis paper presents an ecological analysis of the relationship between infant mortality and economic status by race in metropolitan Ohio, using census data on mother's residence, and economic status determined by the percentage of low income families living in each area. White–non-white comparisons for total infant mortality are examined for the US censuses of 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990; and more detailed period- and broad cause-specific rates are presented for 1990. A pronounced inverse association is found between income status and infant mortality for whites, but not for non-whites. Non-white post-neonatal death rates were higher for the lowest income area, but for neonatal mortality, total infant deaths, and exogenous and endogenous cause-specific death rates, there was no discernible socioeconomic differential. It is concluded that low income whites and non-whites at all income levels have infant mortality rates that are substantially higher than the overall rate for the population. Policy implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Building Quality Condition and Maintenance Cost: The Case of Public Low Income Housing in Abia State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Chukwuemeka Patrick Ogbu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Assistants ◽  
Low Income Housing

Maintenance cost of buildings could constitute a major cost burden on low income housing dwellers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between physical condition and maintenance cost of low income housing buildings. Data was gathered using structured questionnaire and score sheets. The questionnaires elicited responses on the respondents’ perception of their buildings’ physical condition. The score sheets were used by trained research assistants to generate information on the state of the physical conditions of the buildings. Data analyses were carried out using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation. The study found that the element with the highest relative condition index (RCI=0.78) is internal walls, while external wall finishes/decoration has the least (RCI=0.45). Similarly, the element with the highest quality index (QI=0.88) is soak away pit and septic tank, while internal ceiling finishes/decoration has the least QI (0.49). It was further discovered that a significant difference exists between the RCI which is based on the respondents’ perceptions, and the QI which is based on the research assistants’ scores. The relationship between QI and annual maintenance cost is not significant, while the relationship between RCI and annual maintenance cost is significant. It was concluded that the perception of the condition of a building by its owner, rather than the physical state of the building is the main driver of maintenance cost. The study recommends that low income housing end users should be allowed to make inputs at the conception and planning stages of their buildings.

scholarly journals Sportive university students and life satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 423-435
Author(s):  
Murat Turgut
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Parental Education Level ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Overall Life Satisfaction

The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of life satisfaction of individuals participating in sports or physical activity within the scope of gender, age, income status, parental education level and active sports. The sample of the study consisted of 442 people from Kastamonu Province. Parametric analysis methods were used to analyse the data. Independent t-test was used to determine the difference between two groups and one-way analysis of variance was used to determine the difference between two groups. According to the findings, there was no statistically significant difference between age and income status. In other words, life satisfaction levels of the participants were found to be high. The highest mean subscale was found to be the relationship satisfaction dimension with a mean of X̄ = 4.90 and the lower mean was the overall life satisfaction sub-dimension with a mean of X̄ = 3.50. In parallel with this situation, it was determined that life satisfaction levels of the participants varied according to different variables. Keywords: Life satisfaction, physical activity, sport, students, university.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Income Inequality and the Palliative Function of Meritocracy Belief: The Micro- and the Macro-Levels Both Count

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márton Hadarics ◽  
Anna Kende ◽  
Zsolt Péter Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Income Status ◽  
The Relationship

In the current paper, we report the analysis of the relationship between meritocracy belief and subjective well-being using two large international databases, the European Social Survey Program (N = 44,387) and the European Values Study Program (N = 51,752), involving data gathered from 36 countries in total. We investigated whether low status individuals are more likely to psychologically benefit from endorsing meritocratic beliefs, and the same benefits are more pronounced in more unequal societies. Since meritocracy belief can function as a justification for income differences, we assumed that the harsher the objective reality is, the higher level of subjective well-being can be maintained by justifying this harsh reality. Therefore, we hypothesized that the palliative function of meritocracy belief is stronger for both low social status (low income) individuals, and for those living in an unequal social environment (in countries with larger income differences). Our multilevel models showed a positive relationship between meritocracy belief and subjective well-being, which relationship was moderated by both individual-level income status and country-level income differences in both studies. Based on these results, we concluded that the emotional payoff of justifying income inequalities is larger if one is more strongly affected by these inequalities.

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