scholarly journals Building Quality Condition and Maintenance Cost: The Case of Public Low Income Housing in Abia State, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Chukwuemeka Patrick Ogbu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Assistants ◽  
Low Income Housing

Maintenance cost of buildings could constitute a major cost burden on low income housing dwellers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between physical condition and maintenance cost of low income housing buildings. Data was gathered using structured questionnaire and score sheets. The questionnaires elicited responses on the respondents’ perception of their buildings’ physical condition. The score sheets were used by trained research assistants to generate information on the state of the physical conditions of the buildings. Data analyses were carried out using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation. The study found that the element with the highest relative condition index (RCI=0.78) is internal walls, while external wall finishes/decoration has the least (RCI=0.45). Similarly, the element with the highest quality index (QI=0.88) is soak away pit and septic tank, while internal ceiling finishes/decoration has the least QI (0.49). It was further discovered that a significant difference exists between the RCI which is based on the respondents’ perceptions, and the QI which is based on the research assistants’ scores. The relationship between QI and annual maintenance cost is not significant, while the relationship between RCI and annual maintenance cost is significant. It was concluded that the perception of the condition of a building by its owner, rather than the physical state of the building is the main driver of maintenance cost. The study recommends that low income housing end users should be allowed to make inputs at the conception and planning stages of their buildings.

scholarly journals Assessment of New Measurements to Assess First Metatarsal Elevation in Hallux Rigidus Compared to Controls

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0002
Author(s):  
Mackenzie Jones ◽  
Austin Sanders ◽  
Rachael Da Cunha ◽  
Elizabeth Cody ◽  
Carolyn Sofka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Hallux Rigidus ◽  
Intrarater Reliability ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
Radiographic Measurements ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Assistants

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: While Metatarsus Primus Elevatus (MPE) has been implicated in the development of hallux rigidus, previous studies have presented conflicting findings regarding the relationship between an elevated first metatarsal and arthritis. This may be due to the variety of definitions for MPE and the radiographic measurement techniques that are used to assess it. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of new radiographic measurements that take into account the elevation of the first metatarsal in relation to the proximal phalanx, rather than in relation to the second metatarsal as previously described, to assess for MPE. In addition, we aimed to determine whether the elevation of the first metatarsal was significantly different in hallux rigidus patients than in a control population. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted from prospectively collected registry data at the investigators’ institution to identify patients with hallux rigidus (n=65). A size matched control cohort of patients without evidence for first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint arthritis were identified (n=65). Patients with a previous history of foot surgery, rheumatoid arthritis, or hallux valgus were excluded. Five blinded raters of varying levels of training, including two research assistants, a senior orthopedic resident, a foot & ankle fellow, and an attending radiologist, evaluated seven radiographic measurements for their reliability in assessing for MPE in hallux rigidus and control groups. Four of the seven measurements were newly designed taking into account the relationship of the first MTP joint. Inter- and intrarater reliability were calculated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and categorized by Landis and Koch reliability thresholds. The measurements between the hallux rigidus and control populations were compared using an independent t-test. Results: Six of the seven radiographic measurements were found to have substantial to almost perfect interrater reliability (ICC=0.800 to 0.953) between all levels of training, except for the Proximal Phalanx-First Metatarsal Angle which showed moderate reliability (ICC=0.527) (Table). Substantial to almost perfect intrarater reliability (ICC=0.710-0.980) was demonstrated by the research assistants. Six of the seven measurements taken by the attending radiologist demonstrated significant differences in first metatarsal elevation between the hallux rigidus and control populations with the hallux rigidus group showing increased elevation (p=0.000-0.020). Only the First Metatarsal Elevation Angle failed to show a significant difference between the populations (p=0.368). However, the First Metatarsal Elevation Angle measurements of the research assistant and the senior orthopedic resident did show a significant difference between the two populations (p<0.050). Conclusion: This study confirmed the reliability of seven radiographic measurements used to assess for MPE, including three previously established and four newly described measurements. Observers across all levels of training were able to demonstrate reliable measurements. In addition, the measurements were used to show that hallux rigidus patients are more likely to have an elevated first metatarsal compared to patients without radiographic evidence for first MTP arthritis. These measurements could be used in future work to examine how the presence of MPE relates to the etiology and progression of hallux rigidus, and how it affects the results of operative treatment.

scholarly journals “Association between Median Household Income, State Medicaid Expansion Status, and COVID-19 Outcomes Across US Counties”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsikata Apenyo ◽  
Antonio Vera-Urbina ◽  
Khansa Ahmad ◽  
Tracey H. Taveira ◽  
Wen-Chih Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Us Counties ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Income Quartile

AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between socioeconomic status and its interaction with State’s Medicaid-expansion policies on COVID-19 outcomes across United States (US) counties are uncertain. To determine the association between median-household-income and its interaction with State Medicaid-expansion status on COVID-19 incidence and mortality in US countiesMethodsLongitudinal, retrospective analysis of 3142 US counties (including District of Columbia) to study the relationship between County-level median-household-income (defined by US Census Bureau’s Small-Area-Income-and-Poverty-Estimates) and COVID-19 incidence and mortality per 100000 of the population in US counties from January 20, 2020 through December 6, 2020. County median-household-income was log-transformed and stratified by quartiles. Medicaid-expansion status was defined by US State’s Medicaid-expansion adoption as of first reported US COVID-19 infection, January 20, 2020. Multilevel mixed-effects generalized-linear-model with negative binomial distribution and log link function compared quartiles of median-household-income and COVID-19 incidence and mortality, reported as incidence-risk-ratio (IRR) and mortality-risk-ratio (MRR), respectively. Models adjusted for county socio-demographic and comorbidity conditions, population density, and hospitals, with a random intercept for states. Multiplicative interaction tested for Medicaid-expansion*income quartiles on COVID-19 incidence and mortality.ResultsThere was no significant difference in COVID-19 incidence across counties by income quartiles or by Medicaid expansion status. Conversely, significant differences exist between COVID-19 mortality by income quartiles and by Medicaid expansion status. The association between income quartiles and COVID-19 mortality was significant only in counties from non-Medicaid-expansion states but not significant in counties from Medicaid-expansion states (P<0.01 for interaction). For non-Medicaid-expansion states, counties in the lowest income quartile had a 41% increase in COVID-19 mortality compared to counties in the highest income quartile (MRR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.25-1.59).Conclusions and RelevanceMedian-household-income was not related to COVID-19 incidence but negatively related to COVID-19 mortality in US counties of states without Medicaid-expansion. It was unrelated to COVID-19 mortality in counties of states that adopted Medicaid-expansion. These findings suggest that expanded healthcare coverage should be investigated further to attenuate the excessive COVID-19 mortality risk associated with low-income communities.Key FindingsQuestionIs there a relationship between COVID-19 outcomes (incidence and mortality) and household income and status of Medicaid expansion of US counties?FindingsIn this longitudinal, retrospective analysis of 3142 US counties, we found no significant difference in COVID-19 incidence across US counties by quartiles of household income. However, counties with lower median household income had a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality, but only in non-Medicaid expansion states. This relationship was not significant in Medicaid expansion states.MeaningExpanded healthcare coverage through Medicaid expansion should be investigated as an avenue to attenuate the excessive COVID-19 mortality risk associated with low-income communities.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship Between Attendance at USDA Summer Food Service Program Sites and Baseline Household Food Security Status: Results from the Project SWEAT Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
Laura Hopkins ◽  
Cara Pannell ◽  
Carolyn Gunther
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Service Program ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives Explore the relationship between attendance at USDA Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) sites and baseline household food security status. Methods Two elementary schools in low-income urban neighborhoods of Columbus, OH were recruited. Families with children at these schools in grades pre-kindergarten through fifth were invited to participate. Caregivers completed a demographic survey at the end of school year 1 (baseline [t0]). Household food security was assessed at t0 using the USDA 6-item Short Form Food Security Module and based on responses participants were categorized as living in high marginal food security (HMFS), low food security (LFS), or very low food security (VLFS) households. Child attendance at USDA SFSP sites was collected via weekly text messages to caregivers using the online TextIt© platform. ANOVA was conducted to determine differences in attendance level by household food security status. Results 113 children representing 78 families enrolled. Mean age was 7.10 ± 0.21 yr, 79.65% were African American, 72.73% were low-income, and mean annual income was $28,222. Approximately 27% of families (n = 21) reported living in LFS (n = 10, 14.82%) or VLFS (n = 11, 12.10%) households. Overall mean attendance at summer programming was 10.40 ± 1.43 days (out of 50 possible days) and attendance by household food security status was 10.51 ± 1.61 (HMFS), 19.00 ± 6.15 (LFS), and 5.70 ± 2.85 (VLFS) days with a significant difference (P = 0.04) between LFS and VLFS households. Conclusions Children in VLFS (vs HMFS and LFS) households, who are at increased risk for hunger during the summertime window of risk, are attending sites offering the USDA SFSP least frequently. Future research and programmatic efforts should be targeted at children from the most vulnerable households to ensure food security during the summertime window of risk. Funding Sources USDA NC-NECE.

scholarly journals Heightened bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the absence of heightened atopy in children with current wheezing and low-income status.

Thorax ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Mallol ◽  
Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez ◽  
Eliana Cortez ◽  
Viviana Aguirre ◽  
Pedro Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Prick Test ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Although global studies as ISAAC have provided with valuable data on the prevalence of asthma in children of Latin America, there is very few information on the relationship between asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy in the region. Methods: This study examined the relationship between self-reported wheezing in the last 12 months, pulmonary function, airway responsiveness and atopy in children from a low-income population neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. Two random samples (100 each) of children aged 13-14 years who participated in ISAAC Phase One were selected according to whether they have reported or not, wheezing in the last 12 months. Spirometry, methacholine bronchial challenge test and prick test were performed in all individuals. Results: Children who reported current wheezing had significantly higher bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine as compared to those without wheezing (71.6% vs.52.6%, respectively; p=0.007,) and no significant difference was found in FEV1 (116.7„b12.3% vs. 120.3„b14.5%, respectively, p=0.11). The prevalence of atopy was not significantly different between those children who reported wheezing as compared to those who did not (44.2% vs. 42.3%; respectively, p=0.89). Multiple regression analysis showed that only BHR to methacholine (OR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.25-4.13, p=0.01) and maternal asthma (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.2-8.3, p=0.03) were significant risk factors for current wheezing. Conclusions: Our results support previous findings suggesting that in adolescents from unprivileged populations, self-reported current wheezing is related to BHR but not to atopy.

scholarly journals Kajian Analisi Hubungan Kondisi Fisik Rumah Resiko Peceraian Terhadap Penderita TB Paru Di Rungan Perawatan TB Paru Rsud Arifin Achmad Pekanbaru

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Chairil
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Physical Risk ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary tuberculosis) is the third cause of death after cardiovascular and respiratory tract diseases. The factors that cause pulmonary tuberculosis include low income, economically low nutritional quality of the community, poor physical condition of the house (including air quality in the house), as well as the risk of divorce from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. This study aims to determine the relationship of physical risk conditions of the house. Pulmonary TB patients Population and sample of this study 80 respondents in June 3 to August 2018 with the sample ascentental method. As a result of this study there is a relationship between the physical condition of the house with Pulmonary TB that there is a significant relationship between Physical House with Patients with Pulmonary TB. This is evidenced by the value of P - value> 0.05 which is 1.120 with OR: 0.346 and 85% CI: 0.075 - 1.409. And for the risk of divorce with pulmonary tuberculosis there is no meaningful relationship between divorce and patients with pulmonary TB. This is evidenced by the P value - value> 0.05 which is 0.120 with OR: 0.326 and 95% CI: 0.075 - 1.409. Conclusion This paper is a physical home code such as occupancy density, ventilation and kitchen room temperature can be the occurrence of pulmonary Tb so recommended to improve the condition of the house and treatment of patients as early as possible until the patient is cured and for the risk of divorce there is no relationship with pulmonary tuberculosis the couple accept the state of being, but the need for promotional measures to provide a picture of a healthy home condition and divorce is not a solution for TB sufferers Lungs.    Keywords: pulmonary tuberculosis, state of the home condition, risk of divorce

scholarly journals 4499 A look at motivation and income level for families in obesity treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 121-122
Author(s):  
Melissa Ramel ◽  
Denise Wilfley ◽  
Rachel Tabak
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Motivation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level Of Motivation ◽  
Children In The Middle ◽  
The Relationship

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: An evidence-based approach for childhood obesity is family-based treatment (FBT). Research supports that motivation and income level may impact treatment success; however, the relationship between the two is understudied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine whether motivation for beginning FBT is associated with income levels. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 459 parent and child dyads from the PLAN (Pediatric, Learning, Activity, Nutrition) with Families multisite study were included in this study. PLAN consists of FBT through personalized health coaching over the course of two years, focusing on nutrition, physical activity, and parenting skills. Parent and child also attend height and weight assessments every 6 months in the study. Outcomes of the study include weight change and mastery of behavioral skills. Motivation and income level were provided by self-report at the beginning of the study. Motivation was based on a scale from 1-10 (1 = no motivation, 10 = high motivation). Income levels were grouped into one of three broader categories- low income ($80,000/year). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The mean level of motivation for the parent was 8.76 and for the child was 7.87. There was a significant difference in the mean level of motivation for the child and parent, t = 7.73, p = < .001. Post-hoc multiple comparisons using Tukey’s HSD test indicated that children in the high-income group had lower levels of motivation (M = 7.29, SD = 2.07) compared to children in the middle (M = 8.18) and low (M = 8.70) income groups. Level of motivation did not differ for children in the middle and low-income groups. Finally, parent motivation level did not differ significantly by income group. While there were significant differences between parent and child motivation levels, the motivation remained high for both groups. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The data suggests a significant difference in mean child motivation and income level. Child’s high motivation may be from the idea of participating in something new, a rare opportunity for low-income children. To improve the implementation and efficacy of FBT, further study into the relationship between motivation and income level should be done.

Corrigendum to “The relationship between diet and perceived and objective access to supermarkets among low-income housing residents” [Soc Sci Med 75 (2012) 1254–1262]

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 2540
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Caspi ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
S.V. Subramanian ◽  
Gary Adamkiewicz ◽  
Glorian Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Income Housing

scholarly journals The relationship between diet and perceived and objective access to supermarkets among low-income housing residents

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1254-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Caspi ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
S.V. Subramanian ◽  
Gary Adamkiewicz ◽  
Glorian Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Income Housing

PARANATAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADJUSTMENT IN CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-162
Author(s):  
STUART SHELTON STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Good Physical Condition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maladjusted Child

In an unselected series of 226 children, 73.9% were judged to be in good physical condition during the first two days of life. Of the children in good physical condition, only 19.2% were later judged to be maladjusted; whereas, of the children in poor physical condition, 39.0% were later considered maladjusted. This is a highly significant difference and it is concluded that a child's neonatal condition may effect his adjustment in later childhood. No single factor among the ones studied is demonstrably critical in affecting later adjustment. However, several maternal factors acting in gestation and during delivery, certain specific neonatal difficulties, and certain factors which might act anatomically or environmentally, are shown to increase the percentage of infants judged to be in poor neonatal condition. Intelligence, as revealed by the intelligence quotient, is not the critical factor which determines adequacy of adjustment in childhood, although it is related to it. The maladjusted child may be a victim of a physically damaged brain. He should be given all possible aid in his development and in his relations to other human beings. A child whose history includes a difficult birth and neonatal period should be brought up with more than the usual regard for his possible emotional deficiencies and difficulties. Many paranatal factors may affect the condition of the newborn infant. With a knowledge of the relationship of neonatal condition to childhood maladjustment, it is hoped that all of these factors may be studied with a broader perspective for their possible effects beyond the first days of life.

Relationship between Thyroglobulin and Tumor Detectabilily with Thallium-201 in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (01) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Müller ◽  
Ch. Reiners ◽  
A. Bockisch ◽  
Katja Brandt-Mainz
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Tsh Suppression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Test Specificity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tumor Scintigraphy ◽  
Tsh Stimulation

Summary Aim: Tumor scintigraphy with 201-TICI is an established diagnostic method in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. We investigated the relationship between thyroglobulin (Tg) level and tumor detectability. Subject and methods: We analyzed the scans of 122 patients (66 patients with proven tumor). The patient population was divided into groups with Tg above (N = 33) and below (N = 33) 5 ng/ml under TSH suppression or above (N = 33) and below (N = 33) 50 ng/ml under TSH stimulation. Tumor detectability was compared by ROC-analysis (True-Positive-Fraction test, specificity 90%). Results: There was no significant difference (sensitivity 75% versus 64%; p = 0.55) for patients above and below 5 ng/ml under TSH suppression and a just significant difference (sensitivity 80% versus 58%; p = 0.04) for patients above and below 50 ng/ml under TSH stimulation. In 18 patients from our sample with tumor, Tg under TSH suppression was negative, but 201-TICI-scan was able to detect tumor in 12 patients. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate only a moderate dependence of tumor detectability on Tg level, probably without significant clinical relevance. Even in patients with slight Tg elevation 201-TICI scintigraphy is justified.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document