The evidence and applications of equilibria between hydroxide and alkoxide ions in aqueous-alcoholic systems

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 2614-2623
Author(s):  
Jiří Mollin ◽  
Pavlína Staňková ◽  
Oldřiška Staňková
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Benzoyl Chloride ◽  
Aqueous Alcohol ◽  
Butyl Bromide ◽  
Existence Of Equilibrium ◽  
Concentration Ratios

The composition of solvolysis products of butyl bromide, acetanhydride, and benzoyl chloride has been followed aqueous alcohol in alkaline and (except for butyl bromide) also in neutral regions. The results have been used as a piece of evidence of the existence of equilibrium between hydroxide and alkoxide ions and for evaluation of the possibility of calculation of the concentration ratio of hydroxide and alkoxide ions from the concentration ratios of the products as well as for evaluation of selectivities of the solvolytic reactions for mechanistic purposes.

Relation between serum and whole-blood ethanol concentrations

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2288-2292 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Rainey
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Parametric Calculation ◽  
Concentration Ratios ◽  
Normally Distributed

Abstract An algorithm is suggested for interpretation of serum ethanol concentrations under legal statutes that specify whole-blood alcohol concentrations. The algorithm uses the distribution of individual serum:whole-blood alcohol concentration ratios to allow calculations at various levels of confidence that can be related to legal standards of evidence. Serum:whole-blood alcohol concentration ratios were determined for 211 patients. The ratios ranged from 0.88 to 1.59 (median 1.15). The distribution of ratios was positively skewed, but the logarithms of the ratios were normally distributed. This allowed the parametric calculation of a range of ratios of 0.90-1.49 for the central 99% of the population and a range of 0.95-1.40 for the central 95%. The serum:whole-blood alcohol concentration ratio was independent of both the serum alcohol concentration (R2 = 0.005) and the hematocrit (R2 = 0.03).

scholarly journals ANALISIS STRUKTUR PASAR DAN PERILAKU INDUSTRI SEPEDA MOTOR DI JAKARTA TAHUN 2009-2012

Media Ekonomi ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arviana Yuliasari
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Industry Association ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
Motorcycle Industry ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Concentration Ratios

<p>Motorcycle industry in Jakarta has developed very rapidly. It is because the motorcycle industry become primary attention in market structure and behavior of the industry. Motorcycle industry in Indonesia aims to produce a better quality product and increase sales of motorcycle products, in order to generate maximum profits. This study aims to analyze the market structure of the motorcycle industry in Jakarta in 2009 until 2012. Motorcycle companies use in this research are members of the AISI (Indonesian Motorcycle Industry Association) a motorcycle with brands Yamaha, Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and Kanzen. The method of analysis used in this study is concentration ratios CR4 and IHH calculation, to determine the market share of the motorcycle industry in Jakarta. The results showed the motorcycle industry in Jakarta have an oligopoly market structure with a concentration above 90 percent in 2009-2012.<br />Keywords : Oligopoly, Concentration Ratio, Conduct.</p>

The Effects of Propylthiouracil and Other Drugs on the Uptake of 75Se-Selenomethionine by the Pancreas

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
D. M. Taylor ◽  
M. F. Cottrall
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Rat Pancreas ◽  
Liver Concentration ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Concentration Ratios

The influence of pre-treatment with a variety of agents on the uptake of 75Se-selenomethionine by the rat pancreas has been studied. The agents ranged from thyroid hormones to protein synthesis inhibitors but out of 16 tested, only propylthiouracyl (50 mg/kg i.p. administered for 3 days prior to 75Se-methionine injection) resulted in a significant increase in the pancreatic uptake (17%) and in the pancreas liver concentration ratio (25%). Seven of the agents resulted in significant reductions in the pancreas/liver concentration ratios. No significant effects were produced by the addition of carrier methionine or selenomethionine (in the range 10–250 μg/kg body weight) to the injected radiopharmaceutical. It was concluded that many factors may influence the uptake, but that the interrelationship of hypothalamus, pituitary and pancreas is of particular interest.

Minor Concentration Ratios for the Bounds of the Gini Index

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomson Ogwang
Keyword(s):  
Gini Index ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grouped Data ◽  
Lower And Upper Bounds ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Lorenz Curve ◽  
Distribution Studies ◽  
Minor Concentration ◽  
Concentration Ratios

The minor concentration ratio is used to supplement the Gini index in income distribution studies. The appeal of the minor concentration ratio stems form the fact that it examines the relative position of the “poor”, an important focus group in the analysis of income distributions. In this note, minor concentration ratios associated with the lower and upper bounds of the Gini index are derived based on the observed points of the Lorenz curve. When the two minor concentration ratios are computed using grouped data for the United States, they turn out to be fairly close.

On N-acetylcysteine. Part II. Oxidation of N-acetylcysteine by hydrogen peroxide: kinetic study of the overall process

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2102-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Abedinzadeh ◽  
Jlil Arroub ◽  
Monique Gardès-Albert
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Oxidation Kinetics ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Concentration Ratios

The oxidation kinetics of N-acetylcysteine (RSH) by hydrogen peroxide has been studied at neutral pH at different concentration ratios from 0.2 to 20 (4 × 10−4 mol L−1 ≤ [RSH]0 ≤ 2 × 10−2 mol L−1, 10−4 mol L−1 ≤ [H2O2]0 ≤ 10−2 mol L−1). In all the cases studied, N-acetylcystine (RSSR) is the only oxidized product formed. Our kinetic data have focused on the importance of the concentration ratio to reach the stoichiometric oxidation of N-acetylcysteine by hydrogen peroxide. Indeed non-stoichiometric oxidation of RSH occurs at relatively low concentration ratios (R < 2.5) whereas stoichiometric oxidation is observed when R > 2.5. Moreover, it has been shown that in the first minutes of the reaction there is the formation of a complex between RSH and H2O2, the stoichiometry of the complex being RSH concentration-dependent for a given R (R > 2.5). Reaction mechanisms have been quantitatively established and the k values of each step determined.

scholarly journals Diabetes and the control of pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat heart mitochondria by concentration ratios of adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate, of reduced/oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and of acetyl-coenzyme A/coenzyme A.

1977 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Kerbey ◽  
P M Radcliffe ◽  
P J Randle
Keyword(s):  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽  
Heart Mitochondria ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Rat Heart Mitochondria ◽  
Concentration Ratios

1. The proportion of active (dephosphorylated) pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat heart mitochondria was correlated with total concentration ratios of ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ and acetyl-CoA/CoA. These metabolites were measured with ATP-dependent and NADH-dependent luciferases. 2. Increase in the concentration ratio of NADH/NAD+ at constant [ATP]/[ADP] and [acetyl-CoA]/[CoA] was associated with increased phosphorylation and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. This was based on comparison between mitochondria incubated with 0.4mM- or 1mM-succinate and mitochondria incubated with 0.4mM-succinate+/-rotenone. 3. Increase in the concentration ratio acetyl-CoA/CoA at constant [ATP]/[ADP] and [NADH][NAD+] was associated with increased phosphorylation and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. This was based on comparison between incubations in 50 micrometer-palmitotoyl-L-carnitine and in 250 micrometer-2-oxoglutarate +50 micrometer-L-malate. 4. These findings are consistent with activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase reaction by high ratios of [NADH]/[NAD+] and of [acetyl-CoA]/[CoA]. 5. Comparison between mitochondria from hearts of diabetic and non-diabetic rats shows that phosphorylation and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase is enhanced in alloxan-diabetes by some factor other than concentration ratios of ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ or acetyl-CoA/CoA.

Photoelectrochemical experiments under various solar light concentration ratios

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (PR3) ◽  
pp. Pr3-301-Pr3-306
Author(s):  
O. Enea ◽  
J. Blanco ◽  
S. Malato ◽  
M. I. Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Solar Light ◽  
Light Concentration ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Analysis of Bioactive Chemical Compounds of Trogoderma granarium (Insecta: Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenan Mohammed Ubaid ◽  
Abeer Fauzi Al-Rubaye ◽  
Imad Hadi Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Benzoyl Chloride ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pentanoic Acid ◽  
Trogoderma Granarium ◽  
Trans Methyl ◽  
Phenacyl Thiocyanate

Methanolic extract of bioactive compounds of Trogoderma granarium was assayed. GC-MS analysis of Trogoderma granarium revealed the existence of the Pentanoic acid , 1,1-dimethylpropyl ester , (1H)-Pyrimidinone , 5-chloro-4,6- diphenyl, Cyclobutanemethanol , α-methyl- , Nitro-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol , Hydroxylamine ,O-(2-methylpropyl)- , Uridine , 2',3'-O-(phenylmethylene)- ,Acetic acid ,2-benzoylthio-,2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester , methylpropyl)- , Uridine , 2',3'-O-(phenylmethylene)- , 5'-(4-methylbenzenesulfo , Indolinol , 1-benzoyl-, Benzeneethanol , β-methyl-,(s)- , Acetic acid ,2-benzoylthio-,2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester , Phenacyl thiocyanate , Deoxy-L-ribose-2,5-dibenzoate , Methenamine , Alanine , N-methyl-n-propargyloxycarbonyl-, decyl ester , Benzoyl chloride , Thiophene-2-ol , benzoate , Ethanone , -(5- nitrotetrazol-2-yl)-1-phenyl- , 2,5-Dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide , Benzamide , N-(3-benzylthio-1,2,4-thiadiazol- 5-yl)- , Methyl p-(2-phenyl-1-benzimidazolyl)benzoate , Methyl-2-phenoxyethylamine , Pentaborane(11) , cis-Methoxy- 5-trans-methyl-1R-cyclohexanol , Nitro-1-phenyl-3-(tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy)propan-1-one , cis-Methoxy-5-transmethyl-1R-cyclohexanol. Trogoderma granarium produce many important secondary metabolites with high biological activities.

Silicate analysis of carbonated rocks using ICP-AES with calibration by the concentration ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
T. A. Karimova ◽  
G. L. Buchbinder ◽  
S. V. Kachin
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Total Error ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Calibration Error ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Standard Samples ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Carbonate Materials

Calibration by the concentration ratio provides better metrological characteristics compared to other calibration modes when using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for analysis of geological samples and technical materials on their base. The main reasons for the observed improvement are: i) elimination of the calibration error of measuring vessels and the error of weighing samples of the analyzed materials from the total error of the analysis; ii) high intensity of the lines of base element; and iii) higher accuracy of measuring the ratio of intensities compared to that of measuring the absolute intensities. Calcium oxide is better suited as a base when using calibration by the concentration ratio in analysis of carbonate rocks, technical materials, slags containing less than 20% SiO2 and more than 20% CaO. An equation is derived to calculate the content of components determined in carbonate materials when using calibration by the concentration ratio. A method of ICP-AES with calibration by the concentration ratio is developed for determination of CaO (in the range of contents 20 – 100%), SiO2 (2.0 – 35%), Al2O3 (0.1 – 30%), MgO (0.1 – 20%), Fe2O3 (0.5 – 40%), Na2O (0.1 – 15%), K2O (0.1 – 5%), P2O5 (0.001 – 2%), MnO (0.01 – 2%), TiO2 (0.01 – 2.0%) in various carbonate materials. Acid decomposition of the samples in closed vessels heated in a HotBlock 200 system is proposed. Correctness of the procedure is confirmed in analysis of standard samples of rocks. The developed procedure was used during the interlaboratory analysis of the standard sample of slag SH17 produced by ZAO ISO (Yekaterinburg, Russia).

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