Mechanoresponsive self-growing hydrogels inspired by muscle training

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 363 (6426) ◽  
pp. 504-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Matsuda ◽  
Runa Kawakami ◽  
Ryo Namba ◽  
Tasuku Nakajima ◽  
Jian Ping Gong
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Mechanical Environment ◽  
Double Network ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Mechanochemical Transduction ◽  
Repetitive Loading ◽  
Intelligent Devices ◽  
Living Tissues

Living tissues, such as muscle, autonomously grow and remodel themselves to adapt to their surrounding mechanical environment through metabolic processes. By contrast, typical synthetic materials cannot grow and reconstruct their structures once formed. We propose a strategy for developing “self-growing” polymeric materials that respond to repetitive mechanical stress through an effective mechanochemical transduction. Robust double-network hydrogels provided with a sustained monomer supply undergo self-growth, and the materials are substantially strengthened under repetitive loading through a structural destruction-reconstruction process. This strategy also endows the hydrogels with tailored functions at desired positions by mechanical stamping. This work may pave the way for the development of self-growing gel materials for applications such as soft robots and intelligent devices.

How Is a Tissue Built?1

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Cowin
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Structural Function ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Mechanical Environment ◽  
Structural Patterns ◽  
Know How ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Living Tissues

Tissues change in many ways in the period that they are part of a living organism. They are created in fairly repeatable structural patterns, and we know that the patterns are due to both the genes and the (mechanical) environment, but we do not know exactly what part or percentage of a particular pattern to consider the genes, or the environment, responsible for. We do not know much about the beginning of tissue construction (morphogenesis) and we do not know the methods of tissue construction. When the tissue structure is altered to accommodate a new loading, we do not know how the decision is made for the structural reconstruction. We do know that tissues grow or reconstruct themselves without ceasing to continue with their structural function, but we do not understand the processes that permit them to accomplish this. Tissues change their structures to altered mechanical environments, but we are not sure how. Tissues heal themselves and we understand little of the structural mechanics of the process. With the objective of describing the interesting unsolved mechanics problems associated with these biological processes, some aspects of the formation, growth, and adaptation of living tissues are reviewed. The emphasis is on ideas and models. Beyond the objective is the hope that the work will stimulate new ideas and new observations in the mechanical and chemical aspects of developmental biology. [S0148-0731(00)00106-0]

scholarly journals Topoarchitected polymer networks expand the space of material properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Jingping Wu ◽  
Keke Qiao ◽  
Guohan Liu ◽  
Zhengjin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Elastic Limit ◽  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Soft Matrix ◽  
Geometric Patterns ◽  
High Toughness ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Strong Adhesion ◽  
Living Tissues

Abstract Many living tissues achieve functions through architected constituents with strong adhesion. An Achilles tendon, for example, transmits force, elastically and repeatedly, from a muscle to a bone through staggered alignment of stiff collagen fibrils in a soft proteoglycan matrix. The collagen fibrils align orderly and adhere to the proteoglycan strongly. However, synthesizing architected materials with strong adhesion has been challenging. Here we fabricate architected polymer networks by sequential polymerization and photolithography, and attain adherent interface by topological entanglement. We fabricate tendon-inspired hydrogels by embedding hard blocks in topological entanglement with a soft matrix. The staggered architecture and strong adhesion enable high elastic limit strain and high toughness simultaneously. This combination of attributes is commonly desired in applications, but rarely achieved in synthetic materials. We further demonstrate architected polymer networks of various geometric patterns and material combinations to show the potential for expanding the space of material properties.

Article

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 1753-1765
Author(s):  
Christopher B Kennedy ◽  
Bruce J Balcom ◽  
Igor V Mastikhin
Keyword(s):  
Spin Relaxation ◽  
Spin Echo ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Solid Core ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Conventional Mri ◽  
Synthetic Materials

A new MRI method, recently employed in porous-media studies, is introduced for the imaging of rigid polymeric materials. The method, Single-Point Ramped Imaging with T1 Enhancement (SPRITE), is designed to spatially encode short lifetime, T2*, signals characteristic of rigid materials. We investigate the advantages of the SPRITE technique over conventional imaging methods by comparing a 2D SPRITE image of four common polymers to a 2D spin-echo image of the same substances. We demonstrate the general applicability of SPRITE by imaging two commercial products, a stop-valve made of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride and a solid-core, multilayer golf ball, both containing synthetic materials with effective 1H spin-spin relaxation times, T2*, well under 300 µs. Three-dimensional images of millimeter resolution reveal internal physical differentiation and chemical inhomogeneities that cannot be observed using conventional MRI methods. We also consider the incorporation of active spoiler gradients in SPRITE for visualization of samples with long spin-spin relaxation times, T2.Key words: MRI, NMR, SPI, SPRITE, polymers, imaging.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF TENSION-FREE PLASTIC OF ABDOMINAL WALLS AND SYNTHETIC ENDOPROSTHESIS UNDER CONDITIONS OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
V. V. Parshikov ◽  
V. A. Khodak ◽  
A. A. Samsonov ◽  
V. P. Gradusov ◽  
R. V. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Open Abdomen ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymeric Coating ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Tension Free ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Synthetic Materials

Introduction. Prosthetic plastic with the use of polymeric materials has become main practice in modern herniology. Issues of application of synthetic endoprosthesis under condition of bacterial contamination are the point at discussion. The potential and justification of such approach are arguable, while the closest and more remote outcomes are actively being examined.Aim of the work is to study the opportunities of synthetic materials application under conditions of compromising area interference of patients with urgent surgery pathology. Materials and methods. 2152 patients have been operated on hernia and prosthetic plastics of abdominal wall have been carried out to 1537 patients with the use of synthetic materials in Surgery of Municipal Hospital № 35 in Nizhny Novgorod. Moreover, the outcomes of constricted hernia treatment of 445 persons have been reviewed. Patients with constricted hernia were included to the main group and were carried out prosthesis plastics (n = 281). Patients, who were carried out plastics with their own tissue, have been ascribed to the control group (n = 164). The groups were comparable by sex, age, characteristic of the main and concomitant pathology. Potential for application of synthetic materials for open abdomen for widespread peritonitis (n = 82) has also been analyzed. Two options have been used – polyethylene perforated film and polymeric coating made of reperen by patent RF № 102192. The findings of treatment of patients with eventration (n = 57), including with application of filigree, have been examined. Findings and their discussion. Frequency of complication of the disease after hernia surgery was significantly higher among persons with urgent pathology. There were no considerable differences in this regard between the categories of persons with ventral and inguinal hernia. Frequency of complications didn’t have clear correlation with age. During the treatment of patients with constricted hernia this indicator didn’t differ significantly in the main and control groups. The application of prosthesis plastics didn’t impact significantly on the frequency of infections in the area of surgical interference. Utilization of special polymeric coating for open abdomen while treating patients with widespread peritonitis enabled to exclude contact of suture with knuckle, provide adequate drainage of abdominal space, sustain allowed limits of abdominal pressure, observe the character and quantity of exudate and assess the situation dynamically prior to performing regular revision and sanitation, and timely make tactical decisions. The usage of synthetic materials of eventration treatment allowed to fully exclude the development of occasional eventrations. Increase in frequency of pyoinflammatory complications and formation of intestinal fistula were not observed. Conclusion. Application of tension-free technique for constricted hernia allows to perform reconstruction and correction, fast and firmly close hernia defect, and at the same time frequency of systematic complications decreases, whereas pyoinflammatory complications don’t increase. The usage of synthetic materials for open abdomen for widespread peritonitis allows to provide exudate outflow, control abdominal pressure, and avoid a number of complications or timely reveal them. Implantation of filigree for final closure of abdominal space and tension-free plastic on eventration are possible on availability of experience and under a number of conditions. 

scholarly journals A Review on the Adaption of Alginate-Gelatin Hydrogels for 3D Cultures and Bioprinting

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 858
Author(s):  
Magdalena B. Łabowska ◽  
Karolina Cierluk ◽  
Agnieszka M. Jankowska ◽  
Julita Kulbacka ◽  
Jerzy Detyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Vitro Cell Cultures ◽  
Living Tissues

Sustaining the vital functions of cells outside the organism requires strictly defined parameters. In order to ensure their optimal growth and development, it is necessary to provide a range of nutrients and regulators. Hydrogels are excellent materials for 3D in vitro cell cultures. Their ability to retain large amounts of liquid, as well as their biocompatibility, soft structures, and mechanical properties similar to these of living tissues, provide appropriate microenvironments that mimic extracellular matrix functions. The wide range of natural and synthetic polymeric materials, as well as the simplicity of their physico-chemical modification, allow the mechanical properties to be adjusted for different requirements. Sodium alginate-based hydrogel is a frequently used material for cell culture. The lack of cell-interactive properties makes this polysaccharide the most often applied in combination with other materials, including gelatin. The combination of both materials increases their biological activity and improves their material properties, making this combination a frequently used material in 3D printing technology. The use of hydrogels as inks in 3D printing allows the accurate manufacturing of scaffolds with complex shapes and geometries. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the materials used for 3D cell cultures, which are mainly alginate–gelatin hydrogels, including their properties and potential applications.

Plastic Waste Environmental and Human Health Impacts

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javid Manzoor ◽  
Manoj Sharma ◽  
Irfan Rashid Sofi ◽  
Ashaq Ahmad Dar
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Human Health Impacts ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Traditional Natural

Plastics have become a vital asset for humanity. Plastics are known as synthetic materials produced from synthetic or semi-synthetic organic polymers derived from petro-based chemicals, able to displace traditional natural polymeric materials (wood, stone, ceramics, etc.). Plastics have malformed everyday life; usage is increasing, and annual production is likely to exceed 300 million tons by 2010. In this chapter, the authors blend current understanding of the benefits and concerns surrounding the use of plastics and look to future priorities, challenges, and opportunities. Plastics case serious environmental pollution such as soil pollution, water pollution, and air pollution. Application of proper rules and regulations for the production and use of plastics can reduce the toxic effects of plastics on human health and the environment.

scholarly journals Biomaterials and Implants in Cardiac and Vascular Surgery - Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stanisławska
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Surgery ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Cardiac Blood ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Platelet Deposition ◽  
Main Disadvantage

Abstract Currently, on prosthesis in cardiac blood vessels and heart valves are used materials of animal or synthetic origin. For animal materials include, among others pericardial sac in which is the heart. Materials such as this (natural) are characterized by a remarkable biocompatibility within the human body, but their main disadvantage is the relatively low durability. In turn, synthetic materials, which include the austenitic chromium-nickel-molybdenum steels, alloys with a shape memory (nickel-titanium), or polymeric materials, such as lactic acid, are characterized by high stability in an environment of bodily fluids, wherein the insufficiently high biocompatibility with the organism human requires from patients using after implantation, anticoagulants which prevent anti-platelet deposition on the surface of the prosthesis. The present work is a review of biomaterials using in implantology and implants using in cardiac and vascular surgery.

The Resolution and Contrast in Biological Sections Determined by Inelastic and Elastic Scattering

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
D. L. Misell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Elastic Ratio

In the electron microscopy of biological sections the adverse effect of chromatic aberration on image resolution is well known. In this paper calculations are presented for the inelastic and elastic image intensities using a wave-optical formulation. Quantitative estimates of the deterioration in image resolution as a result of chromatic aberration are presented as an alternative to geometric calculations. The predominance of inelastic scattering in the unstained biological and polymeric materials is shown by the inelastic to elastic ratio, I/E, within an objective aperture of 0.005 rad for amorphous carbon of a thickness, t=50nm, typical of biological sections; E=200keV, I/E=16.

Application Of Electron Microscopy To Automotive Finish Defect Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
Martin J. Mahon ◽  
Patrick W. Keating ◽  
John T. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Automotive Finish

Coatings are applied to appliances, instruments and automobiles for a variety of reasons including corrosion protection and enhancement of market value. Automobile finishes are a highly complex blend of polymeric materials which have a definite impact on the eventual ability of a car to sell. Consumers report that the gloss of the finish is one of the major items they look for in an automobile.With the finish being such an important part of the automobile, there is a zero tolerance for paint defects by auto assembly plant management. Owing to the increased complexity of the paint matrix and its inability to be “forgiving” when foreign materials are introduced into a newly applied finish, the analysis of paint defects has taken on unparalleled importance. Scanning electron microscopy with its attendant x-ray analysis capability is the premier method of examining defects and attempting to identify their root cause.Defects are normally examined by cutting out a coupon sized portion of the autobody and viewing in an SEM at various angles.

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