scholarly journals Habenular and striatal activity during performance feedback are differentially linked with state-like and trait-like aspects of tobacco use disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. eaax2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Flannery ◽  
Michael C. Riedel ◽  
Ranjita Poudel ◽  
Angela R. Laird ◽  
Thomas J. Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
State Level ◽  
Addiction Severity ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Positive And Negative Feedback ◽  
Aversive Processing ◽  
State Interventions

The habenula, an epithalamic nucleus involved in reward and aversive processing, may contribute to negative reinforcement mechanisms maintaining nicotine use. We used a performance feedback task that differentially activates the striatum and habenula and administered nicotine and varenicline (versus placebos) to overnight-abstinent smokers and nonsmokers to delineate feedback-related functional brain alterations both as a function of smoking trait (smokers versus nonsmokers) and drug administration state (drug versus placebo). Smokers showed less striatal responsivity to positive feedback, an alteration not mitigated by drug administration, but rather correlated with trait-level addiction severity. Conversely, nicotine administration reduced habenula activity following both positive and negative feedback among abstinent smokers, but not nonsmokers, and increased habenula activity among smokers correlated with elevated state-level tobacco cravings. These outcomes highlight a dissociation between neurobiological processes linked with the dependence severity trait and the nicotine withdrawal state. Interventions simultaneously targeting both aspects may improve currently poor cessation outcomes.

scholarly journals Habenular and striatal activity during performance feedback are differentially linked with state-like and trait-like aspects of tobacco use disorder

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Flannery ◽  
Michael C. Riedel ◽  
Ranjita Poudel ◽  
Angela R. Laird ◽  
Thomas J. Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
State Level ◽  
Nicotine Withdrawal ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Tobacco Use Disorder ◽  
Fmri Study

ABSTRACTAlthough tobacco use disorder is linked with functional alterations in the striatum, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and insula, preclinical evidence also implicates the habenula as a contributor to negative reinforcement mechanisms maintaining nicotine use. The habenula is a small and understudied epithalamic nucleus involved in reward and aversive processing that is hypothesized to be hyperactive during nicotine withdrawal thereby contributing to anhedonia. In a pharmacologic fMRI study involving administration of nicotine and varenicline, two relatively efficacious cessation aids, we utilized a positive and negative performance feedback task previously shown to differentially activate the striatum and habenula. By administering these nicotinic drugs (vs. placebos) to both overnight abstinent smokers (n=24) and nonsmokers (n=20), we delineated feedback-related functional alterations both as a function of a chronic smoking history (trait: smokers vs. nonsmokers) and as a function of drug administration (state: nicotine, varenicline). We observed that smokers showed less ventral striatal responsivity to positive feedback, an alteration not mitigated by drug administration, but rather correlated with higher trait-level addiction severity among smokers and elevated self-reported negative affect across all participants. Conversely, nicotine administration reduced habenula activity following both positive and negative feedback among abstinent smokers, but not nonsmokers; greater habenula activity correlated with elevated abstinence-induced, state-level tobacco craving among smokers and elevated social anhedonia across all participants. These outcomes highlight a dissociation between neurobiological processes linked with the trait of dependence severity and with the state of acute nicotine withdrawal. Interventions simultaneously targeting both aspects may improve currently poor cessation outcomes.One-sentence teaserIn a pharmacological fMRI study, e dissociate brain alterations in the habenula linked with nicotine withdrawal and striatal alterations linked with addiction.

Perception of Emotional Expressions in Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chit Yuen Yi ◽  
Matthew W. E. Murry ◽  
Amy L. Gentzler
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Emotion Perception ◽  
State Level ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion

Abstract. Past research suggests that transient mood influences the perception of facial expressions of emotion, but relatively little is known about how trait-level emotionality (i.e., temperament) may influence emotion perception or interact with mood in this process. Consequently, we extended earlier work by examining how temperamental dimensions of negative emotionality and extraversion were associated with the perception accuracy and perceived intensity of three basic emotions and how the trait-level temperamental effect interacted with state-level self-reported mood in a sample of 88 adults (27 men, 18–51 years of age). The results indicated that higher levels of negative mood were associated with higher perception accuracy of angry and sad facial expressions, and higher levels of perceived intensity of anger. For perceived intensity of sadness, negative mood was associated with lower levels of perceived intensity, whereas negative emotionality was associated with higher levels of perceived intensity of sadness. Overall, our findings added to the limited literature on adult temperament and emotion perception.

Neuropsychological impairment in patients with major depressive disorder: the effects of feedback on task performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. MURPHY ◽  
A. MICHAEL ◽  
T. W. ROBBINS ◽  
B. J. SAHAKIAN
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Reversal Task ◽  
Depressed Patients

Background. Recent evidence suggests that an abnormal response to performance feedback may contribute to the wide-ranging neuropsychological deficits typically associated with depressive illness. The present research sought to determine whether the inability of depressed patients to utilize performance feedback advantageously is equally true for accurate and misleading feedback.Method. Patients with major depression and matched controls completed: (1) a visual discrimination and reversal task that featured intermittent and misleading negative feedback; and (2) feedback and no-feedback versions of a computerised test of spatial working memory. In the feedback version, negative feedback was accurate, highly informative, and could be used as a mnemonic aid.Results. On the Probability Reversal task, depressed patients were impaired in their ability to maintain response set in the face of misleading negative feedback as shown by their increased tendency to switch responding to the ‘incorrect’ stimulus following negative reinforcement, relative to that of controls. Patients' ability to acquire and reverse the necessary visual discrimination was unimpaired. On the Spatial Working Memory task, depressed patients made significantly more between-search errors than controls on the most difficult trials, but their ability to use negative feedback to facilitate performance remained intact.Conclusions. The present results suggest that feedback can have different effects in different contexts. Misleading, negative feedback appears to disrupt the performance of depressed patients, whereas negative but accurate feedback does not. These findings are considered in the context of recent studies on reinforcement systems and their associated neurobiological substrates.

Why Does it Feel Authentic to be and act Extraverted? Exploring the Mediating Role of Positive Affect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Adam Wilt ◽  
Jessie Sun ◽  
Rowan Jacques-Hamilton ◽  
Luke D. Smillie
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Sampling Protocol ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Trait Level

Extraverts report higher levels of authenticity and extraverted behavior predicts increased feelings of authenticity. Why? Across three studies, we examined positive affect as a mediator of the associations between extraversion and authenticity. In Study 1 (N = 205), we tested our mediation model at the trait level. Study 2 (N = 97) involved a ten-week lab-based experience sampling protocol, whereas Study 3 (N = 147) involved a preregistered week-long daily-life experience sampling protocol. These studies allowed us to test our mediation model at the state level. Positive affect explained moderate to very high proportions of the effects of extraversion on authenticity (Study 1 = 29%, Study 2 = 38%, Study 3 = 87%). We interpret these findings through the lens of cybernetic self-regulation, feelings-as-information, positive psychology, and humanistic perspectives, and propose that increased PA could also explain why extraversion is connected with other eudaimonic components of wellbeing.

PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL-EVALUATIVE ANXIETIES ASSOCIATED WITH RATING DISCOMFORT IN ANTICIPATED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONDITIONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sawyer ◽  
Lisa A. Hollis-Sawyer ◽  
Amanda Pokryfke
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Feedback Condition ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Positive And Negative Feedback

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between select personality dimensions, social-evaluative anxieties, and rating discomfort. Undergraduate students were told they would be giving test performance feedback to a confederate and were instructed on how to give this feedback, to some degree, based on condition. Correlation and regression analyses revealed some interesting patterns. Neuroticism was found to be significantly related to feelings of discomfort only under the positive feedback condition, while extraversion was found to be significantly related to feelings of discomfort only under the negative feedback condition. A significant inverse relationship was also found between both agreeableness and conscientiousness levels, and in reaction to giving positive feedback. Additional findings and implications are discussed.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Social-Adaptive Perspective and Functionalist Perspective on Guilt and Shame

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi L. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Character Development ◽  
State Level ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
The State ◽  
Shame Proneness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Guilt Proneness

Within the field of guilt and shame, two competing perspectives have been advanced. The first, the social-adaptive perspective, proposes that guilt is an inherently adaptive emotion and shame is an inherently maladaptive emotion; thus, those interested in moral character development and psychopathology should work to increase an individual’s guilt-proneness and decrease an individual’s shame-proneness. The functionalist perspective, in contrast, argues that both guilt and shame can serve a person adaptively or maladaptively—depending on the situational appropriateness, duration, intensity, and so forth. This paper reviews the research conducted supporting both positions, critiques some issues with the most widely used guilt- and shame-proneness measure in the social-adaptive research (the TOSCA), and discusses the differences in results found when assessing guilt and shame at the state versus trait level. The conclusion drawn is that although there is broad support for the functionalist perspective across a wide variety of state and trait guilt/shame studies, the functionalist perspective does not yet have the wealth of data supporting it that has been generated by the social-adaptive perspective using the TOSCA. Thus, before a dominant perspective can be identified, researchers need to (1) do more research assessing how the social-adaptive perspective compares to the functionalist perspective at the state level, and (2) do more trait research within the functionalist perspective to compare functionalist guilt- and shame-proneness measures with the TOSCA.

scholarly journals Moderators of the Relationships Between State and Trait Anxiety and Depersonalization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah J French ◽  
Jeremy William Eberle ◽  
Bethany Teachman
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Distress Tolerance ◽  
State Level ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Distress Intolerance ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
State And Trait Anxiety

Depersonalization is common in anxiety disorders, but little is known about the factors that influence co-occurring anxiety and depersonalization. We investigated trait moderators of the relationships between state and trait anxiety and depersonalization to better understand their co-occurrence and to identify potential points of intervention. Adults recruited on Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 303) completed two computer tasks designed to increase variability in state anxiety and depersonalization as well as several self-report questionnaires. As hypothesized (preregistration: https://osf.io/xgazd/?view_only=56eba3dfb2b8454a97d3f66eb5217f7a), anxiety positively predicted depersonalization at both a state level, β = 0.43, 95% CI [0.39, 0.47], and a trait level, β = 0.60, 95% CI [0.51, 0.70]. Moreover, as hypothesized, the trait anxiety-trait depersonalization relationship was strengthened by greater anxiety sensitivity, β = 0.25, 95% CI [0.17, 0.34]; distress intolerance, β = 0.15, 95% CI [0.05, 0.25]; and negative interpretation bias for anxiety sensations (inverse transformed), β = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.30, -0.13], and for depersonalization sensations (inverse transformed), β = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.35, -0.19]. None of these hypothesized trait moderators significantly strengthened the state anxiety-state depersonalization relationship. These findings suggest that on a trait level, anxiety and depersonalization more frequently co-occur when people catastrophically misinterpret their symptoms or have lower emotional distress tolerance.

A multilevel framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations and behaviours

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Nezlek
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
State Level ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Processing Styles ◽  
Trait Level

A conceptual and analytic framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations, and behaviours is presented. The framework assumes that such relationships can be understood in terms of four questions. (1) What are the relationships between trait and state level constructs, which include psychological states, the situations people experience and behaviour? (2) What are the relationships between psychological states, between states and situations and between states and behaviours? (3) How do such state level relationships vary as a function of trait level individual differences? (4) How do the relationships that are the focus of questions 1, 2, and 3 change across time? This article describes how to use multilevel random coefficient modelling (MRCM) to examine such relationships. The framework can accommodate different definitions of traits and dispositions (Allportian, processing styles, profiles, etc.) and different ways of conceptualising relationships between states and traits (aggregationist, interactionist, etc.). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals No Difference in Trait-Level Attentional Bias Between Daily and Non-Daily Smokers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Edward Bartlett ◽  
Rebecca Jenks ◽  
Nigel Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
State Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Equivalence Testing ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Visual Probe ◽  
Smoking Cues ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Picture Presentation ◽  
The Moment

Objective: Daily and non-daily smokers display fundamentally different smoking habits and motives. However, both smoking groups find it difficult to quit smoking long-term. One factor associated with addictive behaviour is attentional bias, but previous research in daily and non-daily smokers found inconsistent results. Method: Using an online sample, we compared daily (n = 106) and non-daily (n = 60) smokers in their attentional bias towards smoking pictures. Participants completed a visual probe task with two picture presentation times: 200ms and 500ms. Results: We expected non-daily smokers to display greater attentional bias than daily smokers, but the results did not support this. In confirmatory analyses, there were no significant effects of interest, and in exploratory analyses, equivalence testing showed the effects were statistically equivalent to zero. Conclusions: The results can be interpreted in line with contemporary theories of attentional bias where there are unlikely to be stable trait-level differences between smoking groups. Future research in attentional bias should focus on state-level differences to focus on how smoking cues are being evaluated in the moment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document