A multilevel framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations and behaviours

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Nezlek
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
State Level ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Processing Styles ◽  
Trait Level

A conceptual and analytic framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations, and behaviours is presented. The framework assumes that such relationships can be understood in terms of four questions. (1) What are the relationships between trait and state level constructs, which include psychological states, the situations people experience and behaviour? (2) What are the relationships between psychological states, between states and situations and between states and behaviours? (3) How do such state level relationships vary as a function of trait level individual differences? (4) How do the relationships that are the focus of questions 1, 2, and 3 change across time? This article describes how to use multilevel random coefficient modelling (MRCM) to examine such relationships. The framework can accommodate different definitions of traits and dispositions (Allportian, processing styles, profiles, etc.) and different ways of conceptualising relationships between states and traits (aggregationist, interactionist, etc.). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Perception of Emotional Expressions in Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chit Yuen Yi ◽  
Matthew W. E. Murry ◽  
Amy L. Gentzler
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Emotion Perception ◽  
State Level ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion

Abstract. Past research suggests that transient mood influences the perception of facial expressions of emotion, but relatively little is known about how trait-level emotionality (i.e., temperament) may influence emotion perception or interact with mood in this process. Consequently, we extended earlier work by examining how temperamental dimensions of negative emotionality and extraversion were associated with the perception accuracy and perceived intensity of three basic emotions and how the trait-level temperamental effect interacted with state-level self-reported mood in a sample of 88 adults (27 men, 18–51 years of age). The results indicated that higher levels of negative mood were associated with higher perception accuracy of angry and sad facial expressions, and higher levels of perceived intensity of anger. For perceived intensity of sadness, negative mood was associated with lower levels of perceived intensity, whereas negative emotionality was associated with higher levels of perceived intensity of sadness. Overall, our findings added to the limited literature on adult temperament and emotion perception.

Within-Subject Variability in Ingratiation as a Function of Self-Esteem and Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Katharina Schmitte ◽  
Bert Schreurs ◽  
Mien Segers ◽  
I. M. “Jim” Jawahar
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Authority Figure ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Abstract. Adopting a within-person perspective, we theorize why ingratiation use directed toward an authority figure increases over time and for whom. We posit that as the appraisal event draws closer, the salience of achieving good evaluations increases, leading to an increasing use of ingratiation. We further propose that the increase will be stronger for individuals with low relative to high self-esteem. Participants were 349 students enrolled in a small-group, tutor-led management course. Data were collected in three bi-weekly waves and analyzed using random coefficient modeling. Results show that ingratiation use increased as time to the evaluation decreased, and low self-esteem students ingratiated more as time progressed. We conclude that ingratiation use varies as a function of contextual and inter-individual differences.

Visual disgust-elicitors produce an attentional blink independent of contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Perone ◽  
David Vaughn Becker ◽  
Joshua M. Tybur
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance

Multiple studies report that disgust-eliciting stimuli are perceived as salient and subsequently capture selective attention. In the current study, we aimed to better understand the nature of temporal attentional biases toward disgust-eliciting stimuli and to investigate the extent to which these biases are sensitive to contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance motives. Participants (N=116) performed in an Emotional Attentional Blink (EAB) task in which task-irrelevant disgust-eliciting, fear-eliciting, or neutral images preceded a target by 200, 500, or 800 milliseconds (i.e., lag two, five and eight respectively). They did so twice - once while not exposed to an odor, and once while exposed to either an odor that elicited disgust or an odor that did not - and completed a measure of disgust sensitivity. Results indicate that disgust-eliciting visual stimuli produced a greater attentional blink than neutral visual stimuli at lag two and a greater attentional blink than fear-eliciting visual stimuli at both lag two and at lag five. Neither the odor manipulations nor individual differences measures moderated this effect. We propose that visual attention is engaged for a longer period of time following disgust-eliciting stimuli because covert processes automatically initiate the evaluation of pathogen threats. The fact that state and trait pathogen avoidance do not influence this temporal attentional bias suggests that early attentional processing of pathogen cues is initiated independent from the context in which such cues are perceived.

scholarly journals Still a long journey to decentralize geopolitics

2021 ◽  
pp. 204382062110177
Author(s):  
Ning An ◽  
Jo Sharp ◽  
Ian Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Confucian Culture

In this brief response paper, we respond to the insightful commentaries that critically engage with our original article in this forum. First, we discuss whether Confucian culture is fundamental to Chinese geopolitics, emphasizing how and why culture is part of a wider epistemic resource. We also note that our model is not normative, but an analytic framework for understanding complex non-western situations. Second, we discuss the geographies and scales of our model, noting a core tension between geopolitics at the state level and in everyday life. Third, we address the ‘gap’ between theory and practice under our Confucian model, noting that there is often a strategic inclusion (or exclusion) of Confucianism in practice. We finish by emphasizing that our paper is part a longer journey to further decentralize the western hold upon geopolitics.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Perceptions of Social Presence: Exploring the Role of Personality in Online Distance Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-201
Author(s):  
Joshua Weidlich ◽  
Karel Kreijns ◽  
Theo J. Bastiaens
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Online Distance Education ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Online Distance Learning ◽  
Online Distance

Abstract Social presence is a central concept relating to interpersonal aspects in online distance learning. However, the conditions and determinants of its emergence are not yet fully understood. As a construct rooted in social psychology, the potential of individual differences predicting perceptions of social presence has been largely neglected, thus, constituting a gap in our understanding. In a sample of 201 online distance education students, the merits of a trait-level view of social presence were investigated. To this end, personality was assessed using the Big Five personality inventory, exploring both a dimensional and a typological approach. Results suggest that specific personality typologies may be more prone to perceptions of social presence, thus calling for an extension of our theoretical modeling of the construct.

Why Does it Feel Authentic to be and act Extraverted? Exploring the Mediating Role of Positive Affect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Adam Wilt ◽  
Jessie Sun ◽  
Rowan Jacques-Hamilton ◽  
Luke D. Smillie
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Sampling Protocol ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Trait Level

Extraverts report higher levels of authenticity and extraverted behavior predicts increased feelings of authenticity. Why? Across three studies, we examined positive affect as a mediator of the associations between extraversion and authenticity. In Study 1 (N = 205), we tested our mediation model at the trait level. Study 2 (N = 97) involved a ten-week lab-based experience sampling protocol, whereas Study 3 (N = 147) involved a preregistered week-long daily-life experience sampling protocol. These studies allowed us to test our mediation model at the state level. Positive affect explained moderate to very high proportions of the effects of extraversion on authenticity (Study 1 = 29%, Study 2 = 38%, Study 3 = 87%). We interpret these findings through the lens of cybernetic self-regulation, feelings-as-information, positive psychology, and humanistic perspectives, and propose that increased PA could also explain why extraversion is connected with other eudaimonic components of wellbeing.

Individual Differences and Their Impact on the Safety and the Efficiency of Human-Wheelchair Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Jipp
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Powered Wheelchair ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Objective: The extent to which individual differences in fine motor abilities affect indoor safety and efficiency of human-wheelchair systems was examined. Background: To reduce the currently large number of indoor wheelchair accidents, assistance systems with a high level of automation were developed. It was proposed to adapt the wheelchair’s level of automation to the user’s ability to steer the device to avoid drawbacks of highly automated wheelchairs. The state of the art, however, lacks an empirical identification of those abilities. Method: A study with 23 participants is described. The participants drove through various sections of a course with a powered wheelchair. Repeatedly measured criteria were safety (numbers of collisions) and efficiency (times required for reaching goals). As covariates, the participants’ fine motor abilities were assessed. Results: A random coefficient modeling approach was conducted to analyze the data, which were available on two levels as course sections were nested within participants. The participants’ aiming, precision, and arm–hand speed contributed significantly to both criteria: Participants with lower fine motor abilities had more collisions and required more time for reaching goals. Conclusion: Adapting the wheelchair’s level of automation to these fine motor abilities can improve indoor safety and efficiency. In addition, the results highlight the need to further examine the impact of individual differences on the design of automation features for powered wheelchairs as well as other applications of automation. Application: The results facilitate the improvement of current wheelchair technology.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Infection-Avoidance Tendency and Exclusionary Attitudes towards Foreigners: A Case Study of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Yamagata ◽  
Tsukasa Teraguchi ◽  
Asako Miura
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Web Survey ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Avoidance Tendency ◽  
System A ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
The Relationship

Amidst the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 in January 2020, this study focused on the preventive behaviours against COVID-19 infection and the exclusionary attitude towards foreigners in Japan. Particularly, we examined the effects of individual differences in the infection-avoidance tendency based on the behavioural immune system. A web survey of 1,248 Japanese citizens aged 18 years or above living in Japan who were registrants of a crowdsourcing service indicated that as the threat of the COVID-19 spread increased, there were tendencies for infection-preventive behaviours to increase. In addition, people with a strong infection-avoidance tendency adopted more preventive actions, regardless of whether they were under normal circumstances or the threat of infection, indicating their strong rejective attitudes towards the Chinese and other foreigners under the threat of infection. This study recorded the behavioural and psychological states of people who were in the midst of rapid and unpredictable real-world changes in the early stages of the infection. Data collected in Japan, where the infection had begun earlier, will provide valuable knowledge to countries worldwide where major social changes are expected in the future.

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