Heart-Rate Recovery After Warm-up in Swimming: A Useful Predictor of Training Heart-Rate Response?

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 742-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander P.M. Ganzevles ◽  
Arnold de Haan ◽  
Peter J. Beek ◽  
Hein A.M. Daanen ◽  
Martin J. Truijens
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
National Level ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Incremental Step

For training to be optimal, daily training load has to be adapted to the momentary status of the individual athlete, which is often difficult to establish. Therefore, the current study investigated the predictive value of heart-rate recovery (HRR) during a standardized warm-up for training load. Training load was quantified by the variation in heart rate during standardized training in competitive swimmers. Eight female and 5 male Dutch national-level swimmers participated in the study. They all performed 3 sessions consisting of a 300-m warm-up test and a 10 × 100-m training protocol. Both protocols were swum in front crawl at individually standardized velocities derived from an incremental step test. Velocity was related to 75% and 85% heart-rate reserve (% HRres) for the warm-up and training, respectively. Relative HRR during the first 60 s after the warm-up (HRRw-up) and differences between the actual and intended heart rate for the warm-up and the training (ΔHRw-up and ΔHRtr) were determined. No significant relationship between HRRw-up and ΔHRtr was found (F1,37 = 2.96, P = .09, R2 = .07, SEE = 4.65). There was considerable daily variation in ΔHRtr at a given swimming velocity (73–93% HRres). ΔHRw-up and ΔHRtr were clearly related (F1,37 = 74.31, P < .001, R2 = .67, SEE = 2.78). HRR after a standardized warm-up does not predict heart rate during a directly subsequent and standardized training session. Instead, heart rate during the warm-up protocol seems a promising alternative for coaches to make daily individual-specific adjustments to training programs.

scholarly journals Estimation of the workload in horses during an eventing competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Valle ◽  
R. Odore ◽  
P.R. Zanatta ◽  
P. Badino ◽  
C. Girardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Curve Estimation ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Show Jumping ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate workload using suitable parameters related to the physical effort exerted by horses involved in eventing competitions in order to describe the workload intensity and energy demands placed upon such horses. Heart rate (HR), running speed (S), distance covered (Dist), performance duration (D) and blood lactate (Lact) concentrations were measured in horses competing at either the intermediate level (IL) or advanced level (AL) in order to identify workload differences between experience classes. Ten warmblood horses were monitored during an official two-day eventing competition; mean HR (HRmean, bpm), maximum HR (HRmax, bpm), mean S (Smean, m/min), max S (Smax, m/min), D (min) and Dist (m) were assessed during the warm-up and competition phases of each eventing test (dressage, show jumping, cross country). To calculate heart rate recovery (HRR), HR data were collected within the first 3 minutes following the completion of each of the 3 competition phases. Energy expenditure (EE) was estimated using the HR/VO2 relationship. Differences between the groups (AL vs. IL) in HRmean, HRmax, %HRmean, %HRpeak (HR expressed as a percentage of the maximum HR peak obtained during a fast gallop training session), S, D, and Dist were assessed using one-tailed unpaired t-tests for both warmup and competition phases; also differences for EE were evaluated. The relationship between HR and S was also determined for warm-up and competition phases using one-tailed Person's correlations. The relationship between HR decrease during the first 3 min following competition phase completion and recovery time was investigated by multiple nonlinear curve estimation procedures. The results reveal the cross country test to be the most demanding of the eventing competition, requiring significantly greater levels of muscular and energetic effort, in terms of Lact production and EE, with higher values recorded in the AL horses compared to IL horses. The data also show that riders need to optimise warm-up duration and quality in accordance with their competition category. The calculation of HRR is also shown to be an appropriate approach for gauging workload after high-intensity exercise, but not after low-intensity exercise since HRR may be influenced by external factors, like how excited a horse is.

Does Warming Up With Wearable Resistance Influence Internal and External Training Load in National Level Soccer Players?

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110556
Author(s):  
Aaron Uthoff ◽  
Aníbal Bustos ◽  
Gustavo Metral ◽  
John Cronin ◽  
Joseph Dolcetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Field Training

Background: Adding wearable resistance (WR) to training results in superior performance compared with unloaded conditions. However, it is unclear if adding WR during warm-up influences training load (TL) in the subsequent session. The aim of this research was to track TL in soccer players during the transition from late preseason to early in-season and examine whether adding WR to the lower leg during a warm-up influenced TL measures during warm-ups and on-field training sessions after WR was removed. Hypothesis: The addition of WR worn on the lower legs during an on-field warm-up would lead to decreases in relatively high-intensity external TL metrics, such as distance covered >6.11 m∙s−1 and acceleration and deceleration >/<3 m∙s−2 and increases in internal TL during the warm-up, yet would have little effect on the subsequent training session when WR was removed. Study Design: Matched-pair randomized design. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 28 soccer players were allocated to either a WR training (WRT = 14) or unloaded (control [CON] = 14) group. Both groups performed the same warm-up and on-field training for 8 weeks, with the WRT group wearing 200 g to 600 g loads on their lower leg during the warm-up. External TL was measured via global positioning system data and internal TL was assessed using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE × time per session). Results: No statistically significant between-group differences ( P ≥ 0.05) were identified for any TL measurement during either warm-ups or training sessions. Lower leg WR resulted in trivial to moderate effects for all external TL metrics (−16.9% to 2.40%; d = −0.61 to 0.14) and sRPE (−0.33%; d = −0.03) during the warm-up and trivial to small effects on all external TL metrics (−8.95% to −0.36%; d = −0.45 to −0.30) and sRPE (3.39%; d = 0.33) during training sessions. Conclusion: Warming up with lower leg WR negatively affects neither the quality and quantity of the warm-up nor the subsequent training session once WR is removed. Clinical Relevance: Using WR on the lower leg during on-field warm-ups may be a means to “microdose” strength training while not unduly increasing TL. However, further research is needed to determine the influence of WR on strength qualities.

scholarly journals The Influence of Changes in Acute Training Load on Daily Sensitivity of Morning-Measured Fatigue Variables in Elite Soccer Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (s2) ◽  
pp. S2-107-S2-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin T. Thorpe ◽  
Anthony J. Strudwick ◽  
Martin Buchheit ◽  
Greg Atkinson ◽  
Barry Drust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Daily Training ◽  
Submaximal Heart Rate

Purpose:To determine the sensitivity of a range of potential fatigue measures to daily training load accumulated over the previous 2, 3, and 4 d during a short in-season competitive period in elite senior soccer players (N = 10).Methods:Total highspeed-running distance, perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, muscle soreness, sleep quality), countermovement-jump height (CMJ), submaximal heart rate (HRex), postexercise heart-rate recovery (HRR), and heart-rate variability (HRV: Ln rMSSD) were analyzed during an in-season competitive period (17 d). General linear models were used to evaluate the influence of 2-, 3-, and 4-d total high-speed-running-distance accumulation on fatigue measures.Results:Fluctuations in perceived ratings of fatigue were correlated with fluctuations in total high-speed-running-distance accumulation covered on the previous 2 d (r = –.31; small), 3 d (r = –.42; moderate), and 4 d (r = –.28; small) (P < .05). Changes in HRex (r = .28; small; P = .02) were correlated with changes in 4-d total high-speed-running-distance accumulation only. Correlations between variability in muscle soreness, sleep quality, CMJ, HRR%, and HRV and total high-speed-running distance were negligible and not statistically significant for all accumulation training loads.Conclusions:Perceived ratings of fatigue and HRex were sensitive to fluctuations in acute total high-speed-running-distance accumulation, although sensitivity was not systematically influenced by the number of previous days over which the training load was accumulated. The present findings indicate that the sensitivity of morning-measured fatigue variables to changes in training load is generally not improved when compared with training loads beyond the previous day’s training.

scholarly journals Comparison of heart rate recovery between normotensive young adults with and without a parental history of hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Satyajit Bagudai ◽  
Hari Prasad Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Recovery Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Studies have reported that off springs of hypertensive parents are more likely to develop hypertension. Affection of target organ starts even before the diagnosis of hypertension. Autonomic dysfunction may be the initial cardiac effects in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Till now very few studies have been done to find the early outcomes in the cardiac autonomic functions in the normotensive siblings of hypertensive patients. Heart rate recovery after exercise is a useful marker for cardiac autonomic function. Since the etio-pathogenesis of hypertension is expected to affect the autonomic cardiovascular parameters even before the prehypertensive stage, the following study was carried out to analyze the heart rate recovery, in the descendent non- hypertensive young adults with and without parental history of hypertension. Aim and objective: This research study was aimed to study the quantify and compare the difference (if any) of heart rate recovery in response to 3minute step test between non hypertensive children of non- hypertensive and hypertensive parents within an age group of 18-22 years. Material &Methods: A total of 63 normotensive students were divided into one hypertensive parents(HP) group containing students with parental history of hypertension) and one non hypertensive parents group (NHP) having students without parental history of hypertension). Each student was subjected to 3 minute Master step test. Recordings of heart rate were made before and after exercise. Heart rate recovery index (HRRI) of 1minute (HRRI1), as well as in 2, 3 and 4 minute (HRRI2, HRRI3, HRRI4) were calculated and analyzed. Results: The resting (basal) heart rate as well as 1st minute heart rate recovery index (HRRI1) was not significantly different in the two groups. Likewise, the 2nd minute (HRRI2), 3rd minute (HRRI3), and 4th minute HRRI (HRR4) respectively were also not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is no significant difference in heart rate recovery among non-hypertensive young adults, with and without parental history of hypertension.

Heart rate recovery responses after acute training load changes in top-class water polo players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Petros G. Botonis ◽  
Gavriil G. Arsoniadis ◽  
Theodoros I. Platanou ◽  
Argyris G. Toubekis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Water Polo

scholarly journals The Correlates of Body Composition with Heart Rate Recovery after Step Test: An Exploratory Study of Malaysian Adolescents

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e82893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Redzal Abu Hanifah ◽  
Mohd. Nahar Azmi Mohamed ◽  
Zulkarnain Jaafar ◽  
Nabilla Al-Sadat Abdul Mohsein ◽  
Muhammad Yazid Jalaludin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Malaysian Adolescents

HEART RATE MONITORING SYSTEMS IN GROUPS FOR RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ASSESSMENT OF CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS ANALYSIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (06) ◽  
pp. 1550055
Author(s):  
Ren-Guey Lee ◽  
Chih-Yang Chen ◽  
Chun-Chieh Hsiao ◽  
Robert Lin
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Heart Rate Monitoring

According to statistics in Taiwan, the proportion of students engaged in regular exercise has declined drastically with the increase in education level. This study thus aims to provide a platform for monitoring of group cardiorespiratory fitness to allow users such as teachers or coaches to easily monitor a group’s exercise condition, intensity and duration to increase exercise efficiency, promote exercise motivation and reduce exercise risk. Based on group measurement concept and wearable chest strap textiles integrated with heart rate monitoring devices, teachers or coaches can immediately acquire and display all heart rate information on a notebook computer together with synchronous field projection display. The acquired heart rate data can also be automatically recorded and analyzed to assist in assessing the physical fitness. Our proposed platform aims to monitor the cardiorespiratory fitness in group mainly for college students and young office worker. To validate the stability of our platform in the long term, we recruited the college students in a physical fitness class, 35 in total, as the subjects for long term observation. In the experiments the subjects are divided into “varsity group” and “sedentary group” according to whether they are with or without regular exercise habits. Subjects wearing chest straps were instructed to take the 3-minute Step Test and the 5-minute constant intensity exercise test. The results show that the “varsity group” has a lower resting heart rate ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]bpm vs. [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]bpm), a lower exercise heart rate ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]bpm vs. [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]bpm) and a lower mean heart rate ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]bpm vs. [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]bpm). The “Varsity group” also has a higher heart rate recovery percentage at the first minute ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text]) and the second minute ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text]). Moreover, all these indexes have a high correlation with the fitness index in the 3-minute Step Test, among which the percentage of heart rate recovery in the first minute shows the highest positive correlation ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). Our wearable heart rate monitoring system can thus be deemed as effective to provide a platform for measurement of group heart rates and for assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness.

scholarly journals The Physical Fitness Level, Heart Rate, and Heart Rate Recovery among Adolescent Smokers and Non-smokers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (T4) ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Nurvita Risdiana ◽  
Syahruramdhani Syahruramdhani ◽  
Armain Suwitno
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Adolescent Smokers ◽  
Measurement Results

BACKGROUND: Physical fitness level (PFL), heart rate (HR), and HR recovery (HRR1) were expressed the physical performance of an individual which can be the excellent indicators of health. That parameter differentiates the physical condition between a smoker and a non-smoker. At present, studies about them for adolescent smokers and non-smokers are still limited. Furthermore, they can be the prediction of the health indicators in the future. AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the PFL, HR, and HRR between adolescent smokers and non-smokers METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted by non-experimental and quantitative research with descriptive comparative design and cross-sectional approach. Mann–Whitney test used to describe the distinction between the PFL of students who are adolescent smokers and adolescent non-smokers. The sample data consist of 65 participants selected by purposive sampling collected using Harvard step test and manual HR measurement. RESULTS: After gathered data, we concluded that the PFL of adolescent non-smokers in our samples was significantly higher than smokers with recorded results of p = 0.001 (p < 0.05); HR1, HR60, HR90, and HR180 in adolescent smokers were higher than non-smokers with p = 0.00 (p < 0.05); there were no differences between HRR1 in adolescent smokers and non-smokers with p = 0.042 (p > 0.05). Smoking had effects on PFL and HR. CONCLUSION: The PFL and HR in adolescent non-smokers were better than in smokers but it had no effect on HRR1.

Abstract P287: Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Associated With Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adolescents

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunduck Park ◽  
Devin Volding ◽  
Wendell Taylor ◽  
Wenyaw Chan ◽  
Janet Meininger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unit Increase

Introduction: Low cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) and high levels of adiposity are independently associated with higher levels of blood pressure in adolescents. However, it remains uncertain whether the associations between fitness and blood pressure are due to fitness itself or results from lower levels of adiposity. Moreover, there are no studies that have determined the extent to which adiposity, including central adiposity, moderates the association between fitness and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). Hypotheses: 1. Higher levels of fitness will be associated with lower levels of ambulatory systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure after adjusting for adiposity and covariates. 2. With adjustments for covariates, adiposity (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC]) will modify the association between fitness and 24-hour SBP and DBP. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Houston, TX with a sample of 370 adolescents aged 11-16 years. Demographically, the sample was 54% female, 37% African American, 31% Hispanic, 29% non-Hispanic white, and 3% other ethnic/racial groups. Fitness was assessed by a height-adjusted step test and estimated by heart rate recovery, defined as the difference between peak heart rate during exercise and heart rate two minutes post-exercise. Adiposity was measured using dichotomized values for percentiles of BMI (≥ 85 th ) and WC (≥ 50 th ). Ambulatory SBP and DBP (Spacelabs model 90207) were measured every 30-60 minutes over 24 hours on a school day. Mixed-effects regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses with the following covariates: activity, location, and position at the time of each ABP measurement, height, age, sex, ethnicity, sexual maturation level, and mother’s education level. Results: Hypothesis 1: Each unit increase in fitness was associated with a decrease of SBP (-0.058 mmHg, p = 0.001) and DBP (-0.043 mmHg, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for WC and covariates. Each unit increase in fitness was associated with a decrease in SBP (-0.058 mmHg, p = 0.001) and DBP (-0.045 mmHg, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for BMI and covariates. Hypothesis 2: Fitness and BMI ≥ 85 th percentile (or WC ≥ 50 th percentile) interactions were not significantly associated with ambulatory SBP or DBP after adjustment for covariates. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a small but statistically significant inverse effect of fitness on 24-hour ABP in adolescents, and no evidence of a modifying effect of adiposity on this association. Further research is needed to better understand the protective role of fitness on cardiovascular health in adolescents.

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