Multilayer X-Ray Mirrors; The State Of The Art.

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
M P. Bruijn ◽  
J. Verhoeven ◽  
E. Puik ◽  
M J. van der Wiel
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Hard X-ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyA Snapshot of the State-of-the-Art in 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curran Kalha ◽  
Nathalie K Fernando ◽  
Prajna Bhatt ◽  
Fredrik Johansson ◽  
Andreas Linblad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals PARAMETRIC X-ray RADIATION IN POLYCRYSTALS

2019 ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
V.I. Alekseev ◽  
A.N. Eliseyev ◽  
E.F. Irribarra ◽  
I.A. Kishin ◽  
A.S. Kubankin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
The State ◽  
X Ray

Parametric X-ray radiation produced during the interaction of charged particles with polycrystals is regarded. A review of the existing theories, perspectives of application and performed experiments is presented. The evolution of experimental capabilities as well as the progress in the process comprehension is illustrated. The state of the art of PXR in polycrystals is presented.

scholarly journals A Review of X-ray Microcalorimeters Based on Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors for Astrophysics and Particle Physics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3793
Author(s):  
Luciano Gottardi ◽  
Kenichiro Nagayashi
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Transition Edge Sensors ◽  
The State ◽  
Superconducting Transition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transition Edge ◽  
The Way

The state-of-the-art technology of X-ray microcalorimeters based on superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs), for applications in astrophysics and particle physics, is reviewed. We will show the advance in understanding the detector physics and describe the recent breakthroughs in the TES design that are opening the way towards the fabrication and the read-out of very large arrays of pixels with unprecedented energy resolution. The most challenging low temperature instruments for space- and ground-base experiments will be described.

scholarly journals A Review on Bitumen Rejuvenation: Mechanisms, Materials, Methods and Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 4316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loise ◽  
Caputo ◽  
Porto ◽  
Calandra ◽  
Angelico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
The State ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Novel Approach

This review aims to explore the state of the knowledge and the state-of-the-art regarding bitumen rejuvenation. In particular, attention was paid to clear things up about the rejuvenator mechanism of action. Frequently, the terms rejuvenator and flux oil, or oil (i.e., softening agent) are used as if they were synonymous. According to our knowledge, these two terms refer to substances producing different modifications to the aged bitumen: they can decrease the viscosity (softening agents), or, in addition to this, restore the original microstructure (real rejuvenators). In order to deal with the argument in its entirety, the bitumen is investigated in terms of chemical structure and microstructural features. Proper investigating tools are, therefore, needed to distinguish the different mechanisms of action of the various types of bitumen, so attention is focused on recent research and the use of different investigation techniques to distinguish between various additives. Methods based on organic synthesis can also be used to prepare ad-hoc rejuvenating molecules with higher performances. The interplay of chemical interaction, structural changes and overall effect of the additive is then presented in terms of the modern concepts of complex systems, which furnishes valid arguments to suggest X-ray scattering and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry experiments as vanguard and forefront tools to study bitumen. Far from being a standard review, this work represents a critical analysis of the state-of-the-art taking into account for the molecular basis at the origin of the observed behavior. Furnishing a novel viewpoint for the study of bitumen based on the concepts of the complex systems in physics, it constitutes a novel approach for the study of these systems.

Focus on speciation assessment in marine radiochemistry using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 7582-7591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosa Beccia ◽  
Pier Lorenzo Solari ◽  
Marguerite Monfort ◽  
Christophe Moulin ◽  
Christophe Den Auwer
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
X Ray Absorption

We review the state-of-the-art and recent advances in the determination of radionuclide speciation in seawater.

scholarly journals Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Technique for the Particle Size Distribution of Nonporous Nanoparticles

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Agbabiaka ◽  
M. Wiltfong ◽  
C. Park
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
The State ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Scattering Technique ◽  
Art Methods ◽  
Nanoparticle Sizes ◽  
Ray Scattering

Nanoparticles are small particles whose sizes are less than 100 nm. They have many industrial applications due to their unique properties. Their properties are often size-dependent; thus the accurate determination of nanoparticle sizes is important for quality assurance of nanoparticle production processes. A small angle X-ray scattering technique is a promising method used for characterizing nanoparticle sizes. It has distinctive advantages over other techniques such as electron microscope techniques. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art methods for determining the sizes of nanoparticles with small angle X-ray experiments and discuss the advantages and limitations of the state-of-the-art methods.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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