Negative-tone deep-ultraviolet resists containing benzylic crosslinkers: Experimental and simulation studies of the crosslinking process

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 3851 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Zenk
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Crosslinking Process ◽  
Deep Ultraviolet ◽  
Negative Tone

Information-Seeking on the Internet

Crisis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod Singaravelu ◽  
Anne Stewart ◽  
Joanna Adams ◽  
Sue Simkin ◽  
Keith Hawton
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Young People ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Specific Advice ◽  
Restriction Sites ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Negative Tone

Abstract. Background: The Internet is used by young people at risk of self-harm to communicate, find information, and obtain support. Aims: We aimed to identify and analyze websites potentially accessed by these young people. Method: Six search terms, relating to self-harm/suicide and depression, were input into four search engines. Websites were analyzed for access, content/purpose, and tone. Results: In all, 314 websites were included in the analysis. Most could be accessed without restriction. Sites accessed by self-harm/suicide search terms were mostly positive or preventive in tone, whereas sites accessed by the term ways to kill yourself tended to have a negative tone. Information about self-harm methods was common with specific advice on how to self-harm in 15.8% of sites, encouragement of self-harm in 7.0%, and evocative images of self-harm/suicide in 20.7%. Advice on how to get help was given in 56.1% of sites. Conclusion: Websites relating to suicide or self-harm are easily accessed. Many sites are potentially helpful. However, a significant proportion of sites are potentially harmful through normalizing or encouraging self-harm. Enquiry regarding Internet use should be routinely included while assessing young people at risk.

Benefits from Computerized Adaptive Testing as Seen in Simulation Studies

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz F. Hornke
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Computerized Adaptive Testing ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Adaptive Testing ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Computerized Adaptive Test ◽  
Item Banks ◽  
Item Parameters ◽  
General Reliability

Summary: Item parameters for several hundreds of items were estimated based on empirical data from several thousands of subjects. The logistic one-parameter (1PL) and two-parameter (2PL) model estimates were evaluated. However, model fit showed that only a subset of items complied sufficiently, so that the remaining ones were assembled in well-fitting item banks. In several simulation studies 5000 simulated responses were generated in accordance with a computerized adaptive test procedure along with person parameters. A general reliability of .80 or a standard error of measurement of .44 was used as a stopping rule to end CAT testing. We also recorded how often each item was used by all simulees. Person-parameter estimates based on CAT correlated higher than .90 with true values simulated. For all 1PL fitting item banks most simulees used more than 20 items but less than 30 items to reach the pre-set level of measurement error. However, testing based on item banks that complied to the 2PL revealed that, on average, only 10 items were sufficient to end testing at the same measurement error level. Both clearly demonstrate the precision and economy of computerized adaptive testing. Empirical evaluations from everyday uses will show whether these trends will hold up in practice. If so, CAT will become possible and reasonable with some 150 well-calibrated 2PL items.

Adaptive Control Scheme for Coupled Tank Process

2018 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Vinodhini M.
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Nonlinear Behaviour ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Direct Model ◽  
Multivariable Process ◽  
Model Reference Adaptive ◽  
Siso System ◽  
Adaptive Control Scheme

The objective of this paper is to develop a Direct Model Reference Adaptive Control (DMRAC) algorithm for a MIMO process by extending the MIT rule adopted for a SISO system. The controller thus developed is implemented on Laboratory interacting coupled tank process through simulation. This can be regarded as the relevant process control in petrol and chemical industries. These industries involve controlling the liquid level and the flow rate in the presence of nonlinearity and disturbance which justifies the use of adaptive techniques such as DMRAC control scheme. For this purpose, mathematical models are obtained for each of the input-output combinations using white box approach and the respective controllers are developed. A detailed analysis on the performance of the chosen process with these controllers is carried out. Simulation studies reveal the effectiveness of proposed controller for multivariable process that exhibits nonlinear behaviour.

Novel organic, polymeric materials for electronics applications

2002 ◽  
Vol 722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram W. Sabnis ◽  
Mary J. Spencer ◽  
Douglas J. Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Optical Density ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Polymeric Systems ◽  
Patterned Wafers ◽  
Visible Spectra ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Deep Ultraviolet ◽  
Deposited Films

AbstractNovel organic, polymeric materials and processes of depositing thin films on electronics substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have been developed and the lithographic behavior of photoresist coated over these CVD films at deep ultraviolet (DUV) wavelength has been evaluated. The specific monomers synthesized for DUV applications include [2.2](1,4)- naphthalenophane, [2.2](9,10)-anthracenophane and their derivatives which showed remarkable film uniformity on flat wafers and conformality over structured topography wafers, upon polymerization by CVD. The chemical, physical and optical properties of the deposited films have been characterized by measuring parameters such as thickness uniformity, solubility, conformality, adhesion to semiconductor substrates, ultraviolet-visible spectra, optical density, optical constants, defectivity, and resist compatibility. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos of cross-sectioned patterned wafers showed verticle profiles with no footing, standing waves or undercut. Resist profiles down to 0.10 νm dense lines and 0.09 νm isolated lines were achieved in initial tests. CVD coatings generated 96-100% conformal films, which is a substantial improvement over commercial spin-on polymeric systems. The light absorbing layers have high optical density at 248 nm and are therefore capable materials for DUV lithography applications. CVD is a potentially useful technology to extend lithography for sub-0.15 νm devices. These films have potential applications in microelectronics, optoelectronics and photonics.

SINTESIS DAN MODIFIKASI STRUKTUR DAN PORI MEMBRAN KITOSAN TERCROSSLINK UNTUK STERILISASI MEDIA PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Emma Savitri ◽  
Natalia Suseno ◽  
Tokok Adiarto
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Chitosan Solution ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Crosslinking Process ◽  
Chitosan Membrane ◽  
Chitosan Membranes ◽  
Crosslinked Chitosan

Many mass-transfer applications have used chitosan membrane in separation processes. This research applied crosslinked chitosan membrane to sterillize bacterial growth media. Chitosan membranes having 79 % DD were produced by casting and drying chitosan solution. The images of the membrane were characterized by SEM and other characterizations such as permeability, permselectivity and tensile strength were investigated. The flux increased with longer submersion period but the rejection decreased. Otherwise, the flux decreased and rejection increased in line with an increase in curing temperature. Tensile strength increased with the increase of submersion period and curing temperature. The optimum conditions of crosslinking process are 2 hours of submersion periods and curing temperature at 90 oC.  It gives flux 5.8930 L/jam.m2, rejection 97.47 % and tensile strength 49640 kN/m2

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