Anabolic Effects of Ultrasound as Countermeasures of Simulated Microgravity in In-Vitro and In-Vivo Functional Disuse Models

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardar M. Zia Uddin ◽  
Yi-Xian Qin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Mineral Density

Microgravity (MG) during space flight has been known to cause adverse effect on bone quality. Data collected from studies done on spaceflights show loss of 1–1.6% bone mineral density (BMD) per space-flight-month[1]. Most BMD has been recorded in load-bearing bones [2]. Some studies has considered using drugs and different growth factors to maintain bone mass in microgravity conditions but it can be too expensive to maintain over longer periods of time besides the systematic effects of such treatments [3]. Considering the effects of microgravity are partially attributed to lack of mechanical force on bone tissue, which alters gene expression, reduction in transcription factors and growth factors. Furthermore, lack of gravity effects cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton polymerization and cellular morphology [4, 5]. Thus to reverse these adverse effects on bone physiology, it is important to provide cells with mechanical stimulus which can provide essential mechanical signal for cells to counter the effects of microgravity. Ultrasound acoustic vibrations can be readily applied in, in vivo and human studies and has shown anabolic effects on osteopenic bone tissue [6]. Furthermore, ultrasound is a non-invasive and more target specific treatment relative to cyclic strain and vibration. The objective of this study is to see effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on disused bone model and osteogenic activity of osteoblast cells cultures in simulated microgravity. This will help us understand that effects of ultrasound on microgravity and mechanotransduction pathway responsible for anabolic effect on bone cells.

TRENDS AND CHALLENGES OF CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsu-Wei Fang
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cartilage Tissue

Cartilage injuries may be caused by trauma, biomechanical imbalance, or degenerative changes of joint. Unfortunately, cartilage has limited capability to spontaneous repair once damaged and may lead to progressive damage and degeneration. Cartilage tissue-engineering techniques have emerged as the potential clinical strategies. An ideal tissue-engineering approach to cartilage repair should offer good integration into both the host cartilage and the subchondral bone. Cells, scaffolds, and growth factors make up the tissue engineering triad. One of the major challenges for cartilage tissue engineering is cell source and cell numbers. Due to the limitations of proliferation for mature chondrocytes, current studies have alternated to use stem cells as a potential source. In the recent years, a lot of novel biomaterials has been continuously developed and investigated in various in vitro and in vivo studies for cartilage tissue engineering. Moreover, stimulatory factors such as bioactive molecules have been explored to induce or enhance cartilage formation. Growth factors and other additives could be added into culture media in vitro, transferred into cells, or incorporated into scaffolds for in vivo delivery to promote cellular differentiation and tissue regeneration.Based on the current development of cartilage tissue engineering, there exist challenges to overcome. How to manipulate the interactions between cells, scaffold, and signals to achieve the moderation of implanted composite differentiate into moderate stem cells to differentiate into hyaline cartilage to perform the optimum physiological and biomechanical functions without negative side effects remains the target to pursue.

scholarly journals Protocol of Co-Culture of Human Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts to Test Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Giorgia Borciani ◽  
Giorgia Montalbano ◽  
Nicola Baldini ◽  
Chiara Vitale-Brovarone ◽  
Gabriela Ciapetti
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Bone Microenvironment

New biomaterials and scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications require to be tested in a bone microenvironment reliable model. On this assumption, the in vitro laboratory protocols with bone cells represent worthy experimental systems improving our knowledge about bone homeostasis, reducing the costs of experimentation. To this day, several models of the bone microenvironment are reported in the literature, but few delineate a protocol for testing new biomaterials using bone cells. Herein we propose a clear protocol to set up an indirect co-culture system of human-derived osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors, providing well-defined criteria such as the cell seeding density, cell:cell ratio, the culture medium, and the proofs of differentiation. The material to be tested may be easily introduced in the system and the cell response analyzed. The physical separation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts allows distinguishing the effects of the material onto the two cell types and to evaluate the correlation between material and cell behavior, cell morphology, and adhesion. The whole protocol requires about 4 to 6 weeks with an intermediate level of expertise. The system is an in vitro model of the bone remodeling system useful in testing innovative materials for bone regeneration, and potentially exploitable in different application fields. The use of human primary cells represents a close replica of the bone cell cooperation in vivo and may be employed as a feasible system to test materials and scaffolds for bone substitution and regeneration.

Control of Oriented Extracellular Matrix Similar to Anisotropic Bone Microstructure

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Nakano ◽  
Aira Matsugaki ◽  
Takuya Ishimoto ◽  
Mitsuharu Todai ◽  
Ai Serizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Collagen Fibers

Bone microstructure is dominantly composed of anisotropic extracellular matrix (ECM) in which collagen fibers and epitaxially-oriented biological apatite (BAp) crystals are preferentially aligned depending on the bone anatomical position, resulting in exerting appropriate mechanical function. The regenerative bone in bony defects is however produced without the preferential alignment of collagen fibers and the c-axis of BAp crystals, and subsequently reproduced to recover toward intact alignment. Thus, it is necessary to produce the anisotropic bone-mimetic tissue for the quick recovery of original bone tissue and the related mechanical ability in the early stage of bone regeneration. Our group is focusing on the methodology for regulating the arrangement of bone cells, the following secretion of collagen and the self-assembled mineralization by oriented BAp crystallites. Cyclic stretching in vitro to bone cells, principal-stress loading in vivo on scaffolds, step formation by slip traces on Ti single crystal, surface modification by laser induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS), anisotropic collagen substrate with the different degree of orientation, etc. can dominate bone cell arrangement and lead to the construction of the oriented ECM similar to the bone tissue architecture. This suggests that stress/strain loading, surface topography and chemical anisotropy are useful to produce bone-like microstructure in order to promote the regeneration of anisotropic bone tissue and to understand the controlling parameters for anisotropic osteogenesis induction.

scholarly journals Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Approaches and Potential Therapy

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2993
Author(s):  
Arbi Aghali
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Critical Size ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Craniofacial Bone

Craniofacial bone defects can result from various disorders, including congenital malformations, tumor resection, infection, severe trauma, and accidents. Successfully regenerating cranial defects is an integral step to restore craniofacial function. However, challenges managing and controlling new bone tissue formation remain. Current advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine use innovative techniques to address these challenges. The use of biomaterials, stromal cells, and growth factors have demonstrated promising outcomes in vitro and in vivo. Natural and synthetic bone grafts combined with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and growth factors have shown encouraging results in regenerating critical-size cranial defects. One of prevalent growth factors is Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2). BMP-2 is defined as a gold standard growth factor that enhances new bone formation in vitro and in vivo. Recently, emerging evidence suggested that Megakaryocytes (MKs), induced by Thrombopoietin (TPO), show an increase in osteoblast proliferation in vitro and bone mass in vivo. Furthermore, a co-culture study shows mature MKs enhance MSC survival rate while maintaining their phenotype. Therefore, MKs can provide an insight as a potential therapy offering a safe and effective approach to regenerating critical-size cranial defects.

scholarly journals Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Bone Scaffolds Optimization

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Donnaloja ◽  
Emanuela Jacchetti ◽  
Monica Soncini ◽  
Manuela T. Raimondi
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Polymeric Scaffold ◽  
Technology Improvement

Bone tissue is the structural component of the body, which allows locomotion, protects vital internal organs, and provides the maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Several bone-related pathologies generate critical-size bone defects that our organism is not able to heal spontaneously and require a therapeutic action. Conventional therapies span from pharmacological to interventional methodologies, all of them characterized by several drawbacks. To circumvent these effects, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are innovative and promising approaches that exploit the capability of bone progenitors, especially mesenchymal stem cells, to differentiate into functional bone cells. So far, several materials have been tested in order to guarantee the specific requirements for bone tissue regeneration, ranging from the material biocompatibility to the ideal 3D bone-like architectural structure. In this review, we analyse the state-of-the-art of the most widespread polymeric scaffold materials and their application in in vitro and in vivo models, in order to evaluate their usability in the field of bone tissue engineering. Here, we will present several adopted strategies in scaffold production, from the different combination of materials, to chemical factor inclusion, embedding of cells, and manufacturing technology improvement.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF BONE TISSUE IN CULTURE FROM ISOLATED BONE CELLS

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Binderman ◽  
Dan Duksin ◽  
Arieh Harell ◽  
Ephraim Katzir (Katchalski) ◽  
Leo Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
And Function

A system is described for the formation of bone tissue in culture from isolated rat bone cells. The isolated bone cells were obtained from embryonic rat calvarium and periosteum or from traumatized, lifted periosteum of young rats. The cells were cultured for a period of up to 8 wk, during which time the morphological, biochemical, and functional properties of the cultures were studied. Formation of bone tissue by these isolated bone cells was shown, in that the cells demonstrated osteoblastic morphology in light and electron microscopy, the collagen formed was similar to bone collagen, there was mineralization specific for bone, and the cells reacted to the hormone calcitonin by increased calcium ion uptake. Calcification of the fine structure of the cells and the matrix is described. Three stages in the calcification process were observed by electron microscopy. It is concluded that these bone cells growing in vitro are able to function in a way similar to such cells in vivo. This tissue culture system starting from isolated bone cells is therefore suitable for studies on the structure and function of bone.

scholarly journals Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate): Promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Dariš ◽  
Željko Knez
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Good Biocompatibility

AbstractPoly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is a natural polymer, produced by different bacteria, with good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Cardiovascular patches, scaffolds in tissue engineering and drug carriers are some of the possible biomedical applications of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). In the past decade, many researchers examined the different physico-chemical modifications of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in order to improve its properties for use in the field of bone tissue engineering. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composites with hydroxyapatite and bioglass are intensively tested with animal and human osteoblasts in vitro to provide information about their biocompatibility, biodegradability and osteoinductivity. Good bone regeneration was proven when poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) patches were implanted in vivo in bone tissue of cats, minipigs and rats. This review summarizes the recent reports of in vitro and in vivo studies of pure poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composites with the emphasis on their bioactivity and biocompatibility with bone cells.

The effect of Irisin on bone cells in vivo and in vitro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Buccoliero ◽  
Angela Oranger ◽  
Graziana Colaianni ◽  
Patrizia Pignataro ◽  
Roberta Zerlotin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Skeletal Health ◽  
Bone Mineral Status

The myokine Irisin, produced during physical exercise, has an anabolic effect on bone, both in vitro and in vivo. Very recently, using a controlled in vitro 3D cell model to mimic the bone microenvironment aboard the International Space Station, it has been shown that Irisin treatment in microgravity prevents the down-regulation of the transcription factors Atf4, Runx2 and Osterix, as well as Collagen I and Osteoprotegerin proteins, crucial for osteoblast differentiation in physiologic conditions. Irisin action has also been investigated in human subjects, in which it correlates with bone health status, supporting its physiological importance also in human bone, both in healthy subjects and in patients suffering from diseases related to bone metabolism, such as hyperparathyroidism and type 1 diabetes. Low levels of circulating Irisin have been found in post-menopausal women affected by hyperparathyroidism. Furthermore, Irisin is positively correlated with bone strength in athletes and bone mineral density in football players. Moreover, in healthy children, Irisin is positively associated with bone mineral status and in children with type 1 diabetes, Irisin is positively correlated with improved glycemic control and skeletal health. In this review, we will focus on recent findings about Irisin action on microgravity induced bone loss and on osteocyte activity and survival through its αV/β5 integrin receptor.

The Natural Course of Defibrination Syndrome Caused by Echis Colorata Venom in Man

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 420-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Fainaru ◽  
S Eisenberg ◽  
N Manny ◽  
C Hershko
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Major Bleeding ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Thrombocyte Count

SummaryThe natural course of defibrination syndrome caused by Echis colorata venom (ECV) in five patients is reported. All patients developed afibrinogenemia within six hours after the bite. Concomitantly a depression in factor V was recorded. Factor VIII and thrombocyte count in blood were normal in most patients. In the light of the known effects of ECV on blood coagulation in vivo and in vitro it is concluded that the afibrinogenemia is due to intravascular clotting.Four patients had transient renal damage, manifested by oliguria, azotemia, albuminuria and cylindruria, ascribed to microthrombi in the renal glomeruli.After the bite, the natural course was benign, no major bleeding was observed, and all signs of coagulopathy reverted to normal within 7 days. Therefore we recommend no specific treatment for this condition. In the case of heavily bleeding patients, administration of antiserum against ECV and/or heparin should be considered.

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