Toward a Functional Tolerance Criterion for the Hippocampus Developed From Organotypic Slice Cultures

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Yu ◽  
Woo Hyeun Kang ◽  
Barclay Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Injury Biomechanics ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Brain Deformation

Approximately 1.5 million traumatic brain injuries (TBI) occur each year which result in 50,000 deaths, and about 80,000 people are left with a permanent disability. The annual cost associated with these injures is estimated to be $60 billion. Because there is no pharmacological treatment for TBI, engineering strategies to prevent these injuries enabled through an improved understanding of injury biomechanics is crucial. To this end, finite element models play a central role for predicting brain deformation induced by various loading scenarios such as falls or motor vehicle accidents. Novel protection strategies can then be tested in silico before the start of physical testing. However, in their current form, finite element models predict only mechanical responses and cannot predict the biological response of the brain tissue to the imposed deformation.

Mechanical Properties of the Rat Brain: Effect of Age and Anatomical Region

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin S. Elkin ◽  
Barclay Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Injured Patient ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Injury Biomechanics ◽  
Automotive Safety ◽  
Brain Deformation ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
Safety Systems ◽  
Effect Of Age

Of the 1.5 million traumatic brain injuries (TBI) every year, about 250,000 require hospitalization and result in 50,000 deaths[1]. Outcome after TBI is strongly dependent on age[2, 3]. Because there is no pharmacological treatment for the head injured patient, prevention of TBI is paramount. By gaining an in depth understanding of injury biomechanics, it may be possible to design more effective protection either in the form of helmets or automotive safety systems. To this end, finite element models are frequently employed to understand the induced brain deformation due to injurious loading scenarios[4].

scholarly journals 3-D Measurements of Acceleration-Induced Brain Deformation via Harmonic Phase Analysis and Finite-Element Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1456-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold D. Gomez ◽  
Andrew K. Knutsen ◽  
Fangxu Xing ◽  
Yuan-Chiao Lu ◽  
Deva Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Phase Analysis ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Harmonic Phase ◽  
Brain Deformation ◽  
Harmonic Phase Analysis

Simulating Axonal Stretch During Traumatic Brain Injury Events

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Dollé ◽  
Jeffrey Barminko ◽  
Rene Schloss ◽  
Martin L. Yarmush
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Rapid Deceleration ◽  
The Brain

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) affect up to 1.5 million people annually within the United States with as many as 250,000 being hospitalized and 50,000 dying [1]. TBI events occur when the brain experiences a sudden trauma such as a rapid deceleration of the brain that typically occurs during motor vehicle accidents. During rapid deceleration events, the brain is subjected to high inertial forces that can result in a shearing or elongation of axons that is commonly known as Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) [2,3].

scholarly journals Retroclival and spinal subdural hematoma after traumatic brain injury - A case report and literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl Solorio-Pineda ◽  
Adriana Ailed Nieves-Valerdi ◽  
José Alfonso Franco-Jiménez ◽  
Guillermo Axayacalt Gutiérrez-Aceves ◽  
Luis Manuel Buenrostro-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Spinal Subdural Hematoma

Background: Retroclival hematomas are rare and occur mostly in the pediatric population. They are variously attributed to trauma, apoplexy, and vascular lesions. With motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), the mechanism of traumatic injury is forced flexion and extension. There may also be associated cervical spinal and/or clivus fractures warranting fusion. Case Description: A 35-year-old male sustained a traumatic brain injury after a fall of 5 m at work. His Glasgow coma scale (GCS) on admission was 13 (M6V3O4). He had no cranial nerve deficits. The brain computed tomography (CT) showed a retroclival subdural hematoma that extended to the C2 level. Conclusions: Most retroclival hematomas are attributed to MVAs, and cranial CT and magnetic resonance studies typically demonstrate a combination of posterior fossa hemorrhage with retroclival hematomas (intra or extradural). Patients with retroclival hematomas but high GCS scores on admission usually have better prognoses following traumatic brain injuries attributed to MVA. Notable however is the frequent association with additional cervical and/or craniocervical injuries (e.g. such as odontoid fracture) that may warrant surgery/fusión.

Development and Validation of an In-Vivo Finite Element Pelvis Model With Cortical Thickness Mapped From a Cadaver

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Ho Kim ◽  
Jong-Eun Kim ◽  
Alan W. Eberhardt
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Lateral Impact ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Pelvis Fracture

Pelvis fracture and associated injuries from motor vehicle accidents or falls are often life threatening [1]. Cadaveric experiments and finite element (FE) models have been widely used to investigate biomechanical properties, structural responses, and injury tolerances of the pelvis. In FE model development, the geometry of the bone structures is commonly constructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of cadavers. The use of live human subjects, however, has been limited due to low CT resolution resulting from mandatory low radiation doses and involuntary movements of the subject. The Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) elected to use a living 50th percentile male for its full body FE model development; however, cortical bone thickness was not accurately imaged for the pelvis, where it is believed to play an important role in absorbing strain energy during lateral impact [2].

scholarly journals Experience of a neurology service during the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-485
Author(s):  
Ivan R.F. da Silva ◽  
Luciano Gouvea ◽  
Carlos Bruno Nogueira ◽  
Victor Cravo ◽  
Bernardo B. Liberato
Keyword(s):  
Neurocritical Care ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Functional Deficits ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Complex Events ◽  
Frequent Reason ◽  
Paralympic Games

BackgroundWe analyzed the utilization of acute neurologic care during the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected during the games.ResultsSixty-three neurologic evaluations were performed in patients from the Olympic Family (OF), 22 of these involving athletes from 19 countries. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) were the most frequent reason for assessment among athletes, some associated with polytrauma. Four patients were admitted to the neurocritical care unit (NICU): 2 acute ischemic strokes, 1 TIA, and 1 polytrauma with moderate TBI. Among nonathletes, evaluation of TBI associated with motor vehicle accidents was surprisingly high, with 10 assessments, none requiring admission. Also, nonathletes with seizures, multiple sclerosis flare, functional deficits, and psychiatric complaints received neurologic evaluation. During the Paralympic Games, 17 neurologic evaluations were performed in patients from the Paralympic Family (PF), 13 involving athletes from 10 countries. Five athletes presented with mild TBI. One PG training coach was admitted to the NICU after receiving alteplase for an acute ischemic stroke.ConclusionsAs expected, many athletes with sports-related injuries were evaluated, but cases of diverse acute neurologic pathologies were observed among nonathlete members of the OF and PF. Olympic Games are large, logistically complex events involving thousands of people. Our observations suggest that a comprehensive and detailed plan for neurologic emergencies should be considered for future games.

scholarly journals Brainstem Diffuse Axonal Injury and Consciousness

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhwinder Sandhu ◽  
Erik Soule ◽  
Peter Fiester ◽  
Patrick Natter ◽  
Daryoush Tavanaiepour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glasgow Coma Scale ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Coma Scale ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Neurological Injuries

Background: Severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI), commonly due to motor vehicle accidents may cause death and long-term disability especially when the acceleration-deceleration force on the brain is massive. This may cause shearing of the axonal connections within the cerebral cortex and brainstem in a process referred to as diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Extensive DAI has been postulated to be a poor prognostic indicator for neurological recovery. In our institution, several patients with Grade 3 DAI were observed to recover and achieve neurological outcomes greater than expected given the presence of brainstem injury. Methods: MRI studies from 100 patients admitted to a large tertiary trauma center for TBI were retrospectively analyzed by two fellowship-trained neuroradiologists. The size of DAI lesions, location of injury within the brainstem, and the number of discrete DAI lesions were measured and recorded. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on arrival and at discharge was noted, as well as the presence of other neurological injuries. Results: Of 20 patients initially noted to have DAI with lesions of the brainstem, eight of them were discharged with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 14–15. The 12 patients discharged with reduced consciousness (average GC 7.1) demonstrated a greater number of larger lesions, with a predilection for the dorsal pons. Conclusion: These results suggest that large, numerous pontine lesions may indicate worse neurological outcomes in patients with these findings.

scholarly journals Head Injury Prevention And Future Design Trends In The Automobile Industry

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof H. Jacobson ◽  
Ziernicki Richard M.
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Type Of Injury

The Most Common Type Of Injury Seen In Motor Vehicle Accidents Is Head Trauma. The Head Is The Most Frequently Injured Body Region For Vehicle Occupants Restrained By Three Point Seat Belts. Belted And Non-Belted Drivers And Front Seat Passengers Often Impact Windshields, Dashboards, Or Steering Columns With Their Face, Resulting In Approximately 45 Percent Of Facial Fractures And Facial Lacerations. The Importance Of Head Injury Is Due To The Impairments And Disabilities Associated With Cognitive And Functional Damage To The Brain, Paraplegia And Quadriplegia Resulting From Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury, And The Disfiguring Consequences Of Facial Damage. Over 200,000 Usa Hospital Admissions Occur Annually As A Result Of Traumatic Brain Injuries. Annually, There Are Over 34,000 Deaths And Over 27,000 Permanent Disabilities As A Result Of Motor-Vehicle Related Accidents.

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