Tow Forces for Emergency Towing of Containerships

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shigunov ◽  
Thomas E. Schellin
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Hydrodynamic Forces ◽  
Current Speed ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Time Average ◽  
Drift Forces

For a series of five containerships of differing capacities (707, 3400, 5300, 14000 and 18000 TEU) systematic computations were performed to estimate the tow force required in an emergency. Time-average ship positions with respect to the given waves, wind and current directions and the corresponding time-average forces were considered. Current speed was considered to include also towing speed. Directionally aligned as well as not aligned wind and waves were investigated. Wave height, wind speed, and wave and wind direction relative to current direction were systematically varied. Wind speeds based on the Beaufort wind force scale corresponded to significant wave heights for a fully arisen sea. Waves were assumed to be irregular short-crested seaways described by a JONSWAP spectrum with peak parameter 3.3 and cosine squared directional spreading. For each combination of current speed, wave direction, significant wave height and peak wave period, the required tow force and the associated drift angle were calculated. Tow force calculations were based on the solution of equilibrium equations in the horizontal plane. A RANS solver for current and wind forces and a Rankine source-patch method for drift forces in waves computed hydrodynamic forces and moments. Tow forces accounted for steady (calm-water) hydrodynamic forces and moments, constant wind forces and moments, and time-average wave drift forces and moments. Rudder and propeller forces and towline forces were neglected.

Tow Forces for Emergency Towing of Containerships

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shigunov ◽  
Thomas E. Schellin
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Current Speed ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Time Average ◽  
Wave Drift Forces ◽  
Drift Forces

For a series of five containerships of differing capacities (707, 3400, 5300, 14,000, and 18,000 TEU), systematic computations were performed to estimate the tow force required in an emergency. Time-average ship positions with respect to the given waves, wind, and current directions and the corresponding time-average forces were considered. Current speed was considered to include also towing speed. Directionally aligned as well as not aligned wind and waves were investigated. Wave height, wind speed, and wave and wind direction relative to current direction were systematically varied. Wind speeds based on the Beaufort wind force scale corresponded to significant wave heights for a fully arisen sea. Waves were assumed to be irregular short-crested seaways described by a Joint North Sea Wave Observation Project (JONSWAP) spectrum with peak parameter 3.3 and cosine squared directional spreading. For each combination of current speed, wave direction, significant wave height, and peak wave period, the required tow force and the associated drift angle were calculated. Tow force calculations were based on the solution of equilibrium equations in the horizontal plane. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver obtained current and wind forces and moments; and a Rankine source-patch method, drift forces and moments in waves. Tow forces accounted for steady (calm-water) hydrodynamic forces and moments, constant wind forces and moments, and time-average wave drift forces and moments. Rudder and propeller forces and towline forces were neglected.

Measured Metocean Characteristics of Gulf of Mexico Hurricanes

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Z. Forristall ◽  
Jason McConochie
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Hurricane Wind ◽  
Wave Parameters ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Significant Wave Heights ◽  
Buoy Data

A wealth of Gulf of Mexico hurricane wind and wave data has been measured in recent years. We have constructed a database that combines HURDAT storm track information with NDBC buoy data for the years 1978–2010. HURDAT contains 141 storms for that period of which 67 had measured significant wave heights greater than 5 m. Industry measurements in Hurricanes Camille, Lili, Ivan, Katrina, Rita, Gustav and Ike have been added to the buoy data. We have used this data base to study the relationships between wind and wave parameters in hurricanes. Specifically, we have calculated regressions and equal probability contours for significant wave height and peak spectral periods, first and second moment periods, wave height and Jonswap gamma values, wind speeds and wave heights, and wave and wind directions. All of these calculations have been done for azimuthal quadrants of the storm and radial distances near and far from the storm center.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Cold Front-Generated Waves in the Coastal Louisiana

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 900
Author(s):  
Yuhan Cao ◽  
Chunyan Li ◽  
Changming Dong
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Cold Front ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Cold Fronts ◽  
Directional Wave ◽  
Coastal Louisiana

Atmospheric cold front-generated waves play an important role in the air–sea interaction and coastal water and sediment transports. In-situ observations from two offshore stations are used to investigate variations of directional waves in the coastal Louisiana. Hourly time series of significant wave height and peak wave period are examined for data from 2004, except for the summer time between May and August, when cold fronts are infrequent and weak. The intra-seasonal scale variations in the wavefield are significantly affected by the atmospheric cold frontal events. The wave fields and directional wave spectra induced by four selected cold front passages over the coastal Louisiana are discussed. It is found that significant wave height generated by cold fronts coming from the west change more quickly than that by other passing cold fronts. The peak wave direction rotates clockwise during the cold front events. The variability of the directional wave spectrum shows that the largest spectral density is distributed at low frequency in the postfrontal phase associated with migrating cyclones (MC storms) and arctic surges (AS storms).

scholarly journals EXPLORING SPATIO-TEMPORAL WAVE PATTERN USING UNSUPERVISED TECHNIQUE

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W16 ◽  
pp. 543-548
Author(s):  
N. A. Rohana ◽  
N. Yusof ◽  
M. N. Uti ◽  
A. H. M. Din
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Early Action ◽  
Wave Patterns ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Significant Wave Heights ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. The sea waves are the up and down movements of water in the sea. The various heights of sea waves are known as significant wave heights. Each type of wave has their own characteristics based on their significant wave heights. The aim of this research is to explore spatio-temporal wave patterns and their effects on Tok Jembal coastal areas. For this study, the monthly wave data were obtained from the satellite altimeters that have been processed using Radar Altimeter Database System (RADS). The Self Organizing Map (SOM) method was used to extract the spatio-temporal wave height patterns from the monthly wave height data. From the clustering results, six number of clusters were extracted and then each of these clusters was categorized into specific type of wave heights. In addition, time series of Landsat satellite images were used to observe the coastal changes at Tok Jembal areas. Finally, we analyzed the effects of spatio-temporal wave patterns towards the occurrences of coastal erosion along the coastal areas. This study has discovered that the wave heights along the coastal areas fall in slight category and showed less effects on the erosion. From the visual interpretation of time- series images (10 years gap) also proved that the erosion can be considered as moderate. Overall, this study could benefit the coastal management especially for shoreline monitoring where early action can be taken when there are signs of erosion along the coast.

Applied Data Analytics to Buoy Records for Weather Window Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirtharaj Bhaumik ◽  
Shiladitya Basu
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Future Work

This paper analyzes weather data recorded by typical oceanographic buoys using data analytics and regression techniques. Time series data over a period of more than four decades (1976 – 2020) are reviewed and profiled. A set of key variables including seasonality, wind speed, wind direction, wave period, wave direction, etc., are screened from the buoy measurements to build a predictive model based on multiple linear regression for significant wave height prediction. A sensitivity analysis is then conducted for the available weather window corresponding to specified threshold operational limits of the significant wave height. Key insights are presented along with suggestions for future work to assist marine operators in planning and derisking offshore operations. Utilizing the algorithms and workflows presented in this paper, a user can increase confidence in weather window prediction, and develop safer, efficient offshore operation plans.

Comparative wave measurements at a wave energy site with a recently developed low-cost wave buoy (Spotter), ADCP and pressure loggers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orrin Lancaster ◽  
Remo Cossu ◽  
Sebastien Boulay ◽  
Scott Hunter ◽  
Tom E. Baldock
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wave Period ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
The Mean

AbstractWave measurements from a new, low-cost, real-time wave buoy (Spotter) are investigated in a comparative study as part of a site characterization study at a wave energy candidate site at King Island, Tasmania, Australia. Measurements from the Sofar Ocean Spotter buoy are compared with concurrent measurements from a Teledyne RD Instrument (RDI) 1200 kHz Work Horse ADCP and two RBRsolo3 D wave16 pressure loggers. The comparison period between 8th August – 12th October 2019 provides both the shallowest and longest continuous published comparison undertaken with the Spotter buoy.Strong agreement was evident between the Spotter buoy and RDI ADCP of key wave parameters including the significant wave height, peak wave period, and mean wave direction, with the mean values of those parameters across the full deployment period agreeing within 3%. Surface wave spectra and directional spectra are also analyzed with good agreement observed over the majority of the frequency domain, although the Spotter buoy records approximately 17% less energy within a narrow frequency band near the peak frequency when compared to the RDI ADCP. Measurements derived from the pressure loggers routinely underestimated the significant wave height and overestimated the mean wave period over the deployment period. The comparison highlights the suitability of the Spotter buoy for low-cost wave resource studies, with accurate measurements of key parameters and spectra observed.

scholarly journals Bayesian Wind Speed Estimation Conditioned on Significant Wave Height for GNSS-R Ocean Observations

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1193-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paola Clarizia ◽  
Christopher S. Ruf
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Bayesian Estimator ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Speed Estimator ◽  
Low Wind Speeds

AbstractSpaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry observations of the ocean surface are found to respond to components of roughness forced by local winds and to a longer wave swell that is only partially correlated with the local wind. This dual sensitivity is largest at low wind speeds. If left uncorrected, the error in wind speeds retrieved from the observations is strongly correlated with the significant wave height (SWH) of the ocean. A Bayesian wind speed estimator is developed to correct for the long-wave sensitivity at low wind speeds. The approach requires a characterization of the joint probability of occurrence of wind speed and SWH, which is derived from archival reanalysis sea-state records. The Bayesian estimator is applied to spaceborne data collected by the Technology Demonstration Satellite-1 (TechDemoSat-1) and is found to provide significant improvement in wind speed retrieval at low winds, relative to a conventional retrieval that does not account for SWH. At higher wind speeds, the wind speed and SWH are more highly correlated and there is much less need for the correction.

scholarly journals On Correlation between Wind and Wave Storms

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1426
Author(s):  
Valentina Laface ◽  
Felice Arena
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
The United States ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Significant Wave Heights ◽  
Sea Storm

The paper is focused on the formulation of an adequate criterion for associating wave storm events to the generating wind storm ones, and on the study of correlation between their characteristic parameters. In this context, the sea storm definition commonly used for storm identification from significant wave height data is adapted for wind storm, by processing wind speed data. A sensitivity analysis is proposed as function of the storm thresholds aiming at identifying optimal combination of wind speed and significant wave height thresholds allowing the association of relatively large number of events ensuring high correlation between wind and wave storm parameters. The analysis is carried out using as input data wind speeds and significant wave heights from four meteorological (buoys and anemometers) stations of the National Data Buoy Center moored off the East Coast of the United States. Results reveal that an optimal threshold combination is achieved assuming both wind speed and significant wave height threshold as 1.5 time their respective averages.

scholarly journals Surrogate Modeling of Time-Dependent Metocean Conditions during Hurricanes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Qiao ◽  
Andrew T. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Time History ◽  
Surrogate Modeling ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Surrogate Models ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Significant Wave

Abstract Metocean conditions during hurricanes are defined by multiple parameters (e.g., significant wave height and surge height) that vary in time with significant auto- and cross-correlation. In many cases, the nature of the variation of these characteristics in time is important to design and assess the risk to offshore structures, but a persistent problem is that measurements are sparse and time history simulations using metocean models are computationally onerous. Surrogate modeling is an appealing approach to ease the computational burden of metocean modeling, however, modeling the time-dependency of metocean conditions using surrogate models is challenging because the conditions at one time instant are dependent on not only the conditions at that instant but also on the conditions at previous time instances. In this paper, time-dependent surrogate modeling of significant wave height, peak wave period, peak wave direction, and storm surge is explored using a database of metocean conditions at an offshore site. Three types of surrogate models, including Kriging, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Recurrent Neural Network with Gated Recurrent Unit (RNN-GRU), are evaluated, with two different time-dependent structures considered for the Kriging model and two training set sizes for the MLP model, resulting in a total of five models evaluated in this paper. The performance of the models is compared in terms of accuracy and sensitivity towards hyperparameters, and the MLP and RNN-GRU models are demonstrated to have extraordinary prediction performance in this context.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Difference in Intensity and Track of Tropical Cyclone on Significant Wave Height and Wave Direction in the Southeast Indian Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yosafat Donni Haryanto ◽  
Nelly Florida Riama ◽  
Dendi Rona Purnama ◽  
Aurel Dwiyana Sigalingging
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Significant Wave

This study aims to analyze the effect of the differences in intensity and track of tropical cyclones upon significant wave heights and direction of ocean waves in the southeast Indian Ocean. We used the tropical cyclone data from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) starting from December 1997 to November 2017. The significant wave height and wave direction data are reanalysis data from Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS), and the mean sea level pressure, surface wind speed, and wind direction data are reanalysis data from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) from December 1997 to November 2017. The results show that the significant wave height increases with the increasing intensity of tropical cyclones. Meanwhile, the direction of the waves is influenced by the presence of tropical cyclones when tropical cyclones enter the categories of 3, 4, and 5. Tropical cyclones that move far from land tend to have higher significant wave height and wider affected areas compared to tropical cyclones that move near the mainland following the coastline

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