Mean Wave Drift Forces on a Barge-Type Floating Wind Turbine Platform with Moonpools

Barge-type platforms with moonpools are a promising type of foundation for floating offshore wind turbines due to their good seakeeping performance. In this paper, the mean wave drift force on a barge-type vertical-axis floating wind turbine with multiple moonpools was investigated through physical model testing and numerical calculations using WAMIT. The focus was on the characteristics of mean drift load and its optimization potential. The present numerical results indicated that the application of moonpools was useful in reducing horizontal mean drift force at specific frequencies, and the reason was ascribed to the significant radiation effect of the resonant water oscillations in moonpools. The observed reduction effect on mean drift force was shown to be dependent on the viscous damping of moonpool resonance. The experimental results showed that the maximum response of the mean sway drift force was reduced by the gyroscopic effect of rotations of the vertical-axis wind turbine, and this reduction effect became stronger as the rotating speed of the wind turbine increased, but was weakened as wave amplitude increased. The comparisons between experimental data and potential flow predictions indicated that viscous effects should be taken into account to reasonably estimate the mean wave drift forces on barge-type floating wind turbines.

Sensitivity of a Floating Bridge Global Responses to Different Wave Drift Force Models

Floating bridges are a promising solution for replacing ferries in the crossing of Norwegian fjords. Their design involves the adoption of accurate, but at the same time efficient models for the loads the structure is subjected to. Wave drift forces at the bridge’s pontoon may excite the bridge’s lower horizontal modes, with consequences to the loads on the bridge and mooring lines. Newman’s approximation is normally adopted to calculate the wave drift forces in such applications. A common simplification is to assume that the pontoons are fixed in the calculation of wave drift coefficients, while it is known that wave frequency motions may significantly influence drift loads. This paper evaluates the consequences of this simplification, in comparison to coefficients obtained considering the pontoons’ motions. First, the effect of the bridge deflection, due to mean drift, on the pontoon’s motions, is evaluated. It is found that this effect is negligible. Then, the RAOs are used in the calculation of wave drift coefficients, showing very different results than those obtained with fixed pontoons. Time-domain simulations are then performed with wave drift coefficients calculated with both approaches, with focus on the bridge girder moments and mooring line tensions. It is shown that using wave drift coefficients obtained with fixed pontoon is a non-conservative simplification, depending on sea state and wave incidence direction.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Wave Drift Force on KVLCC2 Moving in Oblique Waves

In this study, experimental and numerical methods were applied to estimate surge and sway wave drift forces and yaw drift moment acting on KVLCC2, advancing in oblique wave. An experiment was carried out in the ocean engineering basin of the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO). A series of regular wave tests under various heading conditions were conducted to investigate ship motion responses and wave drift forces. A Rankine panel method based on potential flow was adopted in the numerical analysis, and the direct pressure integration method that integrates second-order pressure on the hull surface was applied to compute wave drift force. Through this study, validation data of wave drift force acting on KVLCC2 was established, and the computation capability of the potential-based numerical method was systematically analyzed.

Hydrodynamic Responses of a 6 MW Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Regular Waves and Uniform Current

In order to improve the understanding of hydrodynamic performances of spar-type Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs), in particular the effect of wave-current-structure interaction, a moored 6MW spar-type FOWT in regular waves and uniform current is considered. The wind loads are not considered at this stage. We apply the potential-flow theory and perturbation method to solve the weakly-nonlinear problem up to the second order. Unlike the conventional formulations in the inertial frame of reference, which involve higher derivatives on the body surface, the present method based on the perturbation method in the non-inertial body-fixed coordinate system can potentially avoid theoretical inconsistency at sharp edges and associated numerical difficulties. A cubic Boundary Element Method (BEM) is employed to solve the resulting boundary-value problems (BVPs) in the time domain. The convective terms in the free-surface conditions are dealt with using a newly developed conditionally stable explicit scheme, which is an approximation of the implicit Crank–Nicolson scheme. The numerical model is firstly verified against three reference cases, where benchmark results are available, showing excellent agreement. Numerical results are also compared with a recent model test, with a fairly good agreement though differences are witnessed. Drag loads based on Morison’s equation and relative velocities are also applied to quantify the influence of the viscous loads. To account for nonlinear restoring forces from the mooring system, a catenary line model is implemented and coupled with the time-domain hydrodynamic solver. For the considered spar-type FOWT in regular-wave and current conditions, the current has non-negligible effects on the motions at low frequencies, and a strong influence on the mean wave-drift forces. The second-order sum-frequency responses are found to be negligibly small compared with their corresponding linear components. The viscous drag loads do not show a strong influence on the motions responses, while their contribution to the wave-drift forces being notable, which increases with increasing wave steepness.

A Hybrid Method for Predicting Ship Maneuverability in Regular Waves

Traditionally, ship maneuvering is analyzed under calm water condition. In a more realistic scenario, such as a ship sailing in waves, the importance of taking the wave effects into account should be stressed. In this context, this paper proposes a hybrid method for predicting ship maneuverability in regular waves by combining a potential flow theory based panel method and a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based computational fluid dynamics method. The mean wave drift forces are evaluated by applying a three-dimensional time-domain higher-order Rankine panel method, which takes the effects of ship's forward speed and lateral speed into consideration. The hull-related hydrodynamic derivatives in the equations of ship maneuvering motion are determined by using a RANS solver based on the double-body model. Then, the two-time scale method is applied to predict ship maneuvering in regular waves by integrating the seakeeping model in a three degrees-of-freedom MMG model for ship maneuvering motion. The numerical results of a laterally drifting S175 container ship, including the wave-induced motions, wave drift forces, and turning trajectories in regular waves, are presented and compared with the available experimental data in literature. The results show that the proposed hybrid method can be used for qualitatively predicting ship maneuvering behavior in regular waves.