Ultra Heavy Wall Linepipe X65: Double Joint Girth Weld Performances for Severe Applications

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Di Vito ◽  
Gianluca Mannucci ◽  
Roberto Morana ◽  
Antonio Lucci ◽  
Federico Tintori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Aggressive Environment ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Cyclic Straining ◽  
Strain Cycling

Tenaris and Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) launched a Joint Industrial Project aimed at developing heavy wall line pipes. The suitability for very severe applications, involving high service pressures and temperatures, the latter causing large strain fluctuations, in presence of an aggressive sour environment, is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally, including small and full scale pipe models. The full project program aims at developing a new generation heavy wall product, supported by: comprehensive laboratory analysis of the material response under severe mechanical loading in aggressive environment; and full scale testing program, including both pipe and girth weld. Both investigations are mainly addressed to the basic understanding of impact on design criteria from interaction between severe loading and aggressive environment. Three papers have been already presented, in previous OMAE conferences, on this project. In the present paper, main outcomes of laboratory testing activities of the above program on girth welds for double jointing (fill passes by Submerged Arc Welding) are reported. A fitted for purpose special testing program, including mechanical and SSC laboratory scale testing, has been executed. Full thickness longitudinal specimens were extracted crossing girth weld to apply severe strain cycling. The strain cycling has been defined as extreme in terms of resistance against ratcheting for the pressurized pipeline, as deduced in a work reported in one of the previously mentioned papers. The girth welds exhibited very satisfactory performance during severe cyclic straining. Furthermore, mechanical and stress-corrosion properties of the As-Weld girth joint have been compared with the corresponding properties after severe straining and ageing. This comparison highlighted high level of mechanical and SSC resistance, even after the application of severe straining and ageing.

Ultra Heavy Wall Linepipe X65: Full Scale Severe Straining Sequences of Pipeline Strings

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Di Vito ◽  
Antonio Lucci ◽  
Stefano Amato ◽  
Gianluca Mannucci ◽  
Federico Tintori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Sample Length ◽  
Axial Deformation ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Aggressive Environment ◽  
X65 Steel ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Full Scale Testing

Tenaris and Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) are carrying out a Joint Industrial Project aimed at developing heavy wall line pipes. The suitability for very severe applications, involving high service pressures and temperatures, the latter causing large strain fluctuations, in presence of an aggressive sour environment, is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally, including small and full pipe models and tests. The full project program aims at developing a new generation heavy wall product, supported by a comprehensive laboratory analysis of the material response under severe mechanical loading in aggressive environment and a full scale testing program, including both pipe and girth weld. Both investigations are mainly addressed to basic understanding of impact on design criteria of interaction between severe loading and aggressive environment. Four papers, [2], [3], [4] and [5], have been already presented, in previous OMAE conferences, on this project. The present paper focusses on the full scale testing performed on strings of pipeline consisting of different pieces of pipe. In particular, two full scale testing have been performed applying the severe straining sequence defined as extreme in term of resistance against ratcheting, also involving plastic straining, as deduced in a previous work inside the project. The loading sequence was applied in global strain control, averaged on the whole string length, but necessarily the local distributions of strain differs in the three pieces of pipe. Analytical considerations are done about the expected straining behaviour and experimental results confirmed the theoretical considerations. The high strain hardening capability of the X65 steel pipes, metallurgically designed for strain based applications, guaranteed a good recovery of any non-homogeneity in straining, both during cycling that in larger axial deformation of the string. During severe cycling in elastic-plastic regime in presence of pipe internal pressure, the strings demonstrated good resistance to ratcheting. In fact, due to the material capability to redistribute the cycling strains along the whole sample length, any section experienced limited ratcheting with unreversed circumferential expansion, during cycling, well within limits of tolerability. It is worth noting that, even in presence of severe cycling conditions, both on-shore type girth welds (SAW for double joint) and off-shore type (GMAW in Narrow Groove Bevel Preparation) preserved their integrity with no cracking or other damage.

Ultra Heavy Wall Linepipe X65: Ratcheting in Severe Cyclic Straining

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Di Vito ◽  
Jan Ferino ◽  
Gianluca Mannucci ◽  
Antonio Lucci ◽  
Luigino Vitali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Yield Criterion ◽  
Kinematic Hardening ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Material Response ◽  
Aggressive Environment ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cyclic Straining ◽  
Full Scale Testing

Tenaris and Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) launched a Joint Industrial Project aimed at developing heavy wall line pipes. The suitability for very severe applications, involving high service pressures and temperatures, the latter causing large strain fluctuations, in presence of an aggressive sour environment, is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally, including small and full pipe models. The full project program aims at developing a new generation heavy wall product, supported by: a comprehensive laboratory analysis of the material response under severe mechanical loading in aggressive environment; and full scale testing program, including both pipe and girth weld. Both investigations are mainly addressed to basic understanding of impact on design criteria from interaction between severe loading and aggressive environment. Two papers have been already presented on this project, [2] and [3]. The present paper deals with the study, carried out in cooperation with Saipem Energy Services, aimed at setting up a tool for the prediction of ratcheting extent for the pipeline in pressure subjected to axial cyclic, even plastic, straining. In such conditions, ratcheting may develop in the circumferential direction, as a consequence of both material cyclic performance and bi-axial plastic flow. So, detailed characterization of material is required, as well as calibration of plastic performance parameters, particularly in relation to relevant modeling. The final objective of the study is to establish a threshold for the plastic strain development at peak load, beyond which circumferential ratcheting may develop. A numerical model was set up, on-purpose developed and implemented on commercial software, where reverse yielding is modeled by kinematic hardening referring to Von-Mises yield criterion. Use of relevant parameters describing/approximating the actual material response has been made, based on laboratory Multi Plastic Straining Cycling (MPSC) of pipe full thickness samples. Full scale testing of pressurized X65, 10 3/4″ OD × 46 mm WT linepipe has been performed including plastic axial and cyclic straining. A huge measurement campaign allowed to establish the relevant parameters that characterize the response from numerical modeling, facilitating the validation of the set up by comparing the actual ratcheting exhibited by the heavy wall pipe with predictions obtained by the model. Limits of current tools for numerical modeling are also shown, with some degree of dependence on applied straining sequence. Possible paths of numerical modeling improvement are then envisaged.

Ultra Heavy Wall Linepipe X65: Material Performances for Severe Applications

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Di Vito ◽  
Gianluca Mannucci ◽  
Giuseppe Mortali ◽  
Mariano Armengol ◽  
Paolo Novelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Severe Strain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Strain Cycling

Tenaris together with Centro Sviluppo Materiali launched a Joint Industrial Project aimed at developing heavy wall linepipes and evaluating their suitability for very severe applications possibly involving high service pressures and temperatures, large strains applied to the line, aggressive sour environment. The full project programme includes development of a the new generation of heavy wall products, laboratory scale evaluation of the material response when subjected to severe mechanical and environmental loading, evaluation of full component, pipe and girth weld, behaviour by means of full scale testing. Another technical publication in this conference (OMAE2009-79153) reports the activities of development of the new generation of heavy wall seamless pipes. In the present paper indeed, main outcomes of laboratory testing activities of the above programme on pipe material (grade X65, outer diameter 10 3/4″, wall thickness 46 mm) are reported as far as pipe body material properties are concerned. A fitted for purpose special testing programme, including mechanical and SSC laboratory scale testing, has been executed. Full thickness longitudinal specimens were extracted from the pipe body to apply severe strain cycling (1% and 2% maximum strain for various numbers of cycles, up to 200 cycles). Material showed a very encouraging behaviour, exhibiting an important reserve of strength even after application of severe strain cycling. Both mechanical, tensile compressive and toughness, properties and stress corrosion properties resulted to be suitable for the envisaged applications. Furthermore the pipe material showed suitable mechanical and stress-corrosion properties even after the severe cycling as well as after severe cycling and subsequent ageing. The influence of different straining conditions was also investigated, showing no significant difference in material properties after strain–ageing, due to different straining histories.

scholarly journals Electrodeposition of Copper and Brass Coatings with Olive-Like Structure

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1762
Author(s):  
Artur Maciej ◽  
Natalia Łatanik ◽  
Maciej Sowa ◽  
Izabela Matuła ◽  
Wojciech Simka
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Cathodic Current Density ◽  
Bath Composition ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Electrodeposited Coating ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
New Generation ◽  
First Time

One method of creating a brass coating is through electrodeposition, which is most often completed in cyanide galvanic baths. Due to their toxicity, many investigations focused on the development of more environmentally friendly alternatives. The purpose of the study was to explore a new generation of non-aqueous cyanide-free baths based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquids. The study involved the formation of copper, zinc, and brass coatings. The influence of the bath composition, cathodic current density, and temperature was determined. The obtained coatings were characterized in terms of their morphology, chemical composition, phase composition, roughness, and corrosion resistance. It was found that the structure of the obtained coatings is strongly dependent on the process parameters. The three main structure types observed were as follows: fine-grained, porous, and olive-like. To the best knowledge of the authors, it is the first time the olive-like structure was observed in the case of an electrodeposited coating. The Cu-Zn coatings consisted of 19–96 at. % copper and exhibited relatively good corrosion resistance. A significant improvement of corrosion properties was found in the case of copper and brass coatings with the olive-like structure.

Investigation of the One-Dimensional Endochronic Constitutive Equation for Metals by the Rivlin Test

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han C. Wu ◽  
C. C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Equation ◽  
Strain Path ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Good For ◽  
The One ◽  
Cyclic Straining ◽  
Strain Cycling ◽  
Theory And Experiment

Two sets of experiments with and without strain cycling have been carried out to test the validity of an equation derived from the improved theory of endochronic plasticity. It has been found that for strain path not involving cyclic straining the agreement between theory and experiment is quite good. In the test with strain cycling, the agreement is not good for small strain amplitudes of cycling but the discrepancy diminishes with the increasing amplitude of the strain cycling.

Application of membrane bioreactor system with full scale plant on livestock wastewater

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kim ◽  
H.-S. Kim ◽  
I.-T. Yeom ◽  
Y.-B. Chae
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Livestock Wastewater ◽  
Bioreactor System ◽  
High Level

A full-scale plant of an MBR system treating livestock wastewater has shown impressive results. The Cheorwon County Environmental Authorities adopted the MBR process with UF membrane for retrofitting the old plant, which removes organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus at a high level. According to 6 months operation data, BOD and SS removal were about 99.9% and CODMn, TN and TP removal were 92.0%, 98.3% and 82.7%, respectively. It is considered that the temperature at the bioreactor has to be controlled to be below 40 °C so as to ensure sufficient nitrification. It appeared that the MBR system is competitive with other conventional technologies for treatment of livestock wastewater such as piggery waste.

Crack Growth During Full Scale Reeling Simulation of Pipes With Girth Welds

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddvin O¨rjasaeter ◽  
Olav Jan Hauge ◽  
Guy Ba¨rs ◽  
Per Egil Kvaale
Keyword(s):  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
High Strain ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Final Fracture ◽  
Lack Of Fusion ◽  
Girth Welds

Installation of pipelines by reeling has proved to be an effective method. However, the pipe bending results in very high stress and strain and cannot be handled by conventional design rules, as stated in design codes, e.g. [2]: High strain crack growth must be assessed according to specific case-by-case selected criterions. In the present work the performance of 10” and 12 3/4” pipes with typical weld defects is studied — from initiation of cracks at notches to final fracture. Information was obtained from several sources: full scale cyclic bending of pipes, FE simulations, and small-scale tests. The plasticity during reeling operations results in substantial non-linear behavior due to varying cross section properties, cyclic creep, and different material response at tensile and compression side of the pipe. Hence, a full scale reeling simulation must be carefully planned and include sufficient tolerances. Critical cracks in pipe girth welds initiate mainly from the surface (undercuts, lack of penetration, or lack of fusion), but potentially also internally (lack of fusion or large pores). Various configurations of these parameters were investigated in full scale pipe tests. It was possible to verify both crack propagation during the reeling cycles, and the point of final fracture (for ECA verifications). In pipe design on must assure safe conditions for both reeling operations and for later in-service loading. Proper design tools must be available. Several methods for high strain crack growth analysis were considered and also compared to small-scale specimen data. Conventional strain-life methodology failed to predict the crack propagation accurately. A new approach including a tensile strain range parameter offered promising results.

New Energy-Absorbing High-Speed Safety Barrier

2003 ◽  
Vol 1851 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Reid ◽  
Ronald K. Faller ◽  
Jim C. Holloway ◽  
John R. Rohde ◽  
Dean L. Sicking
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Component ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Roadside Safety ◽  
New Energy ◽  
University Of Nebraska Lincoln ◽  
Energy Absorbing

For many years, containment for errant racing vehicles traveling on oval speedways has been provided through rigid, concrete containment walls placed around the exterior of the track. However, accident experience has shown that serious injuries and fatalities may occur through vehicular impacts into these nondeformable barriers. Because of these injuries, the Indy Racing League and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, later joined by the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR), sponsored the development of a new barrier system by the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln to improve the safety of drivers participating in automobile racing events. Several barrier prototypes were investigated and evaluated using both static and dynamic component testing, computer simulation modeling with LS-DYNA (a nonlinear finite element analysis code), and 20 full-scale vehicle crash tests. The full-scale crash testing program included bogie vehicles, small cars, and a full-size sedan, as well as Indy Racing League open-wheeled cars and NASCAR Winston Cup cars. A combination steel tube skin and foam energy-absorbing barrier system, referred to as the SAFER (steel and foam energy reduction) barrier, was successfully developed. Subsequently, the SAFER barrier was installed at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in advance of the running of the 2002 Indianapolis 500 race. From the results of the laboratory testing program as well as analysis of the accidents into the SAFER barrier occurring during practice, qualification, and the race, the SAFER barrier has been shown to provide improved safety for drivers impacting the outer walls.

State-of-the-Art Assessment of Today’s Composite Repair Technologies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alexander ◽  
Richard Kania
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Composite Repair ◽  
Sponsored Programs ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Multiple Case Studies ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Girth Welds

For almost 30 years composite repair technologies have been used to reinforce high pressure gas and liquid pipeline transmission systems around the world. The backbone of this research has been full-scale testing, aimed at evaluating the reinforcement of anomalies including, corrosion, dents, vintage girth welds, and wrinkle bends. Also included have been the assessment of reinforced pipe geometries including welded branch connections, elbows, and tees. Organizations sponsoring these research efforts have included the Pipeline Research Council International, regulatory agencies, pipeline operators, and composite repair manufacturers. Many of these efforts have involved Joint Industry Programs; to date more than 15 different industry-sponsored programs and independent research efforts have been conducted involving more than 1,000 full-scale destructive tests. The aim of this paper is to provide for the pipeline industry an updated perspective on research associated with composite repair technologies. Because of the continuous advance in both composite technology and research programs to evaluate their effectiveness, it is essential that updated information be provided to industry to minimize the likelihood for conducting research efforts that have already been addressed. To provide readers with useful information, the authors will include multiple case studies that include the reinforcement of dents, wrinkle bends, welded branch connections, and planar defects.

THE ELABORATION OF A THERAPEUTIC COMPLEX FOR UNSTABLE STENOCARDIA WITH THE TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS BACKGROUND WITH ACCOMPANYING HYPERVENTILATIVE SYNDROME: ANALYSIS OF CLINIC-CARDIOLOGY AND RESPIRATORY-METABOLICPARAMETERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Никита Игоревич Воронин ◽  
Дмитрий Сергеевич Кузнецов
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Hyperventilation Syndrome ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
Concomitant Condition ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation

В статье представлены данные оригинального исследования по созданию терапевтического комплекса, направленного на улучшение интенсивного лечения нозологической ассоциации «нестабильная стенокардия (в качестве основного заболевания) + сахарный диабет второго типа (в качестве фоновой патологии) + гипервентиляционный синдром (в качестве сопутствующего состояния)». Разработанный комплекс основан на контролируемом изменении вспомогательной респираторной оксигенации «в сторону уменьшения» при условии обязательного дополнения базисной фармакотерапии сбалансированной комбинацией препаратов антигипоксического действия и дезагрегантом нового поколения. Проведено сравнительное исследование двух групп тематических пациентов - с применением разработанного комплекса и с использованием «традиционного подхода». Изучены ключевые параметры клинического кардиологического и респираторно-метаболического статуса пациентов. При использовании разработанного терапевтического комплекса по сравнению с «традиционным подходом» установлено принципиальное улучшение параметров клинико-кардиологического статуса при сохранении параметров респираторно-метаболического статуса в пределах адаптивных и безопасных значений. Полученные результаты имеют высокий уровень статистической значимости. Это доказало достаточную обоснованность авторской научно-практической разработки. Представленные в статье данные отличает новизна и практическая применимость, что позволяет рекомендовать их к дальнейшему использованию в практике специалистов клиники внутренних болезней The article presents the data of the original research on the creation of a therapeutic complex aimed at improving the intensive treatment of the nosological association «unstable angina pectoris (as the main disease) + type 2 diabetes mellitus (as a background pathology) + hyperventilation syndrome (as a concomitant condition)». The developed complex is based on a controlled change in auxiliary respiratory oxygenation «downward», provided that basic pharmacotherapy must be supplemented with a balanced combination of antihypoxic drugs and a new generation of antiaggregants. A comparative study of two groups of thematic patients was carried out - using the developed complex and using the «traditional approach». The key parameters of the clinical cardiological and respiratorymetabolic status of patients were studied. When using the developed therapeutic complex in comparison with the «traditional approach», a fundamental improvement in the parameters of the clinical and cardiological status was established while maintaining the parameters of the respiratory and metabolic status within the adaptive and safe values. The results obtained have a high level of statistical significance. This proved the sufficient validity of the author's scientific and practical development. The data presented in the article are distinguished by novelty and practical applicability, which makes it possible to recommend them for further use in the practice of specialists in the clinic of internal diseases

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