Consequence Analysis of a Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Production Storage Offloading (LNG FPSO) Leakage

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Ramos Martins ◽  
Gilberto F. M. de Souza ◽  
Nilton Hiroaki Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Phase

A quantitative risk assessment comprises some basic activities that have to be developed to allow the quantification of the risks involved in the operation of a system or process under analysis. Basically, the likelihood of the undesired events has to be identified as well as their consequences must be calculated. When the risks in the operation of a marine vessel are analyzed, the same process has to be followed. For each specific phase of the marine vessel mission, all of the undesired events must be accurately determined and evaluated. Many different types of undesired events must be investigated, such as: fire, explosion, collision, falling objects and marine hazards. There are many techniques involved in the estimation of the likelihood of the events and the same occurs for the evaluation of their consequences. The purpose of this paper is to study a leakage during a cargo offloading considering a LNG shuttle tanker and a Liquefied Natural Gas Floating Production Storage Offloading (LNG-FPSO) in the Pre Salt Brazilian coast. Once defined the feasible scenarios and the total quantity discharged, the consequences will be evaluated using physical models described in the literature and implemented in commercial softwares. The main idea is to identify all possible consequences and verify their magnitudes. As this is an isolated study, where the likelihood of the event will not be estimated, the final objective is to use the results obtained to predict mitigating measures to the system. This is not a simple task due to the complexity of the phenomena developed after the leakage. In order to verify the extension of possible spread events it is also necessary the identification of many variables, including the atmospheric conditions, the sea condition, the ignition sources, the vessels nearby, the shuttle tanker(s), and the positioning of the vessels involved in the offloading operation.

Consequence Analysis of a Liquefied Natural Gas Leakage

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faustina Beatriz Natacci ◽  
Nilton Hiroaki Ikeda ◽  
Marcelo Ramos Martins
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Simple Task

Each and every quantitative risk assessment comprises some basic activities that have to be developed to allow the quantification of the risks involved in the operation of a system or process. Basically, it must be estimated the likelihood of the identified undesired events as well as the magnitude of their consequences. When analyzing the risks in the operation of a ship, the same process has to be followed. For each specific phase of the ship mission, all undesired events must be correctly determined and evaluated. Many different types of undesired events must be investigated, such as: collision, grounding, fire, and explosion. There are many techniques and much work involved in the estimation of the likelihood of the events. The same occurs for the evaluation of their consequences. The purpose of this paper is to study the consequences of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) leakage from the rupture of a pipeline from an LNG vessel during cargo loading at a terminal in the Brazilian coast. Once defined the total leaked quantity, a software will be used to calculate the consequences. The main idea is to identify all possible consequences and verify their magnitudes on the coast. This is not a simple task because it requires the comprehension of the development of the phenomena involved after the leakage. There is also the need of the identification of many variables, including the atmospheric conditions and the ignition sources, in order to verify the extent of possible cascading events. It will be taken special attention to consequences to human beings as a result of exposure to heat radiation effects from possible fires and explosions. As a preliminary study, where the likelihood of the events will not be estimated, the final objective is to use the obtained results to predict preventive and mitigating measures, in order to reduce the consequences to people on the coast.

scholarly journals Thermo–Economical Evaluation of Producing Liquefied Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquids from Flare Gases

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Barekat-Rezaei ◽  
Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord ◽  
Alireza Arjomand ◽  
Mohsen Jannatabadi ◽  
Mohammad Ahmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Gas Recovery ◽  
Boiling Points

In many industrial plants including petrochemicals and refineries, raw hydrocarbons (mostly flammable gas) are released during unplanned operations. These flammable gases (usually called flare gases) are sent to a combustor and the process is called flaring. Flaring wastes energy and produces environmental pollution. Consequently, recovering the flare gases is an important subject in these industries. In this work, an economical and technical analysis is presented for the production of valuable products, namely, liquefied natural gas and natural gas liquids from flare gas. The flare gas of Fajr Jam refinery, a refinery located in the south part of Iran, is selected as a case study. One of the issues in recovering flare gases is the nonconstant flow rate of these gases. For this reason, an auxiliary natural gas flow rate is employed to have a constant feed for the flare recovery process. The Poly Refrigerant Integrated Cycle Operations (PRICO) refrigeration cycle is employed for producing liquefied natural gas and natural gas liquids. In the PRICO cycle, the mixed refrigerant is used as the working fluid. The other issue is the existence of H2S in the flare gases. The main idea is that the flare gas components, including H2S, have different boiling points and it is possible to separate them. Consequently, flare gases are separated into several parts during a number of successive cooling and heating stages and passing through phase separators. It is shown that the proposed flare gas recovery process prevents burning of 12 million cubic meters of the gases with valuable hydrocarbons, which is almost 70% of the current flare gases. Furthermore, about 11,000 tons of liquefied natural gas and 1230 tons of natural gas liquids are produced in a year. Finally, the economic evaluation shows a payback period of about 1.6 years.

Risk and Reliability Analyses for Innovative LNG Offshore Floating Units

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Benyessaad ◽  
Diane Ruf
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Reliability Engineering ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Offshore Industry

The development of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) offshore industry is viewed as a major improvement in the exploitation of the world’s energy resources. Most energy analysts agree that significant increases in Natural Gas (NG) demand is expected in the next decades due to relatively low prices and an important gas quantity worldwide. In order to develop the use of this resource, many innovative offshore floating installations have been developed and are currently deployed all over the world. However, hazards linked to LNG and due to hydrocarbon releases are not always so well understood or controlled. Thus, in order to quantify and understand these risks associated to LNG treatment or containment as well as their consequences, a number of different types of risk and reliability engineering techniques can be used at different stages of the project. The following will present specific analyses that have been performed on innovative LNG Offshore floating units to provide a qualitative and quantitative hazard assessment by predicting the consequences and the frequencies of these hazards, while improving the reliability of the installation and its availability. The paper will first introduce the LNG offshore industry outlining the different installations possibilities and the associated hazards. Then, based on recent projects, it will detail the risk-based methodology applied to ensure the safety and the profitability of such innovative installations when no rules are able to frame fully the development of these projects. Finally, after having pointed out the ins and outs of risk studies, a case study using most of the methods presented previously will be developed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effects of fires and explosions in the transport of hazardous materials

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. Assael ◽  
Leandros Ch. Paschalidis ◽  
George P. Sakellaropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Teaching Tools ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Alternate Routes

Transportation of liquid and gaseous fuels and chemicals, albeit not frequent, can lead to serious dangers for humans, the environment and property due to fires and explosions. The two most common transportation modes on land are tanker trucks and pipelines. The effects of fires and explosions in such transportations can be modelled successfully to describe observed damages, as discussed here for three different types of accidents, namely tanker trucks carrying liquefied natural gas (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and a gas pipeline, resulting in ignition and explosion. The effects of overpressure due to explosion and of radiated heat by fires are effectively modelled. The methodology and the developed e-platform are valuable teaching tools for engineers and civic personnel in order to foresee and assess risk and accident consequences near inhabited areas, and/or to predict alternate routes.

scholarly journals Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment Method for Fire Safety Accident in Liquefied Natural Gas Storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Jiye
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Personal Risk ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Filling Station ◽  
Safety Accident

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has the characteristics of low temperature, volatile, flammable and explosive, and its safety issues are being highlighted. The probability and consequences of accident were quantitatively analyzed in combination with the possibility of LNG filling station pump or pipeline spillage. The DEGADIS and LNGFire3 models were used to determine the consequences of the accident. Based on the injury criterion data provided by relevant literature, the article concludes that the personal risk value derived from personal injury level and mortality rate, when compared with personal risk standards of United Kingdom, Netherlands and other countries and institutions, the personal risk value is much lower than the standard limit value, and shows the rationality of establishing 5kW/m2 as the safety distance from critical thermal radiation intensity.

Safety Analysis of Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering and Simultaneous Port Operations for Passenger Ships

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Iannaccone ◽  
Byongug Jeong ◽  
Valerio Cozzani ◽  
Peilin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Port Operations ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
Passenger Ships ◽  
Simultaneous Operations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been recognized as an effective alternative fuel for marine propulsion, evidently, a growing number of vessels, including passenger ships, is already running on such a fuel. While LNG bunkering can be performed in several ways, depending on transferred volumes and managerial considerations, the time spent for LNG bunkering is regarded to be a key factor to ensure the cost-effectiveness of such operation, since a minimization of bunkering duration at the berth will make port infrastructures available for more vessels. As a result, passenger embarkment is simultaneously conducted with ship bunkering, which may increase the potential risk to individuals both onboard and nearby. Given this background, this paper is to investigate the potential risk of passenger vessels with the identification of credible scenarios for port operations that can be carried out simultaneously with LNG bunkering. An approach of quantitative risk assessment is applied to determine the risk levels pertinent to proposed scenarios. For frequency analysis, the technique of the fault tree analysis is adopted to integrate the influence of human error and management policy to the likelihood of unwanted events. Consequence analysis is conducted in aids of a commercial software to simulate the impact of LNG dispersion and fires. Research findings have shown that simultaneous operations have a negative impact both on frequency and consequence of accidental scenarios arising from LNG bunkering, taking the risk beyond lower acceptance criteria. Finally, a quantification of the risk increase is proposed to help stakeholders identify criticalities and reduce the risk contributions of simultaneous operations.

Liquefied natural gas in China

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Girdis ◽  
Stratos Tavoulareas ◽  
Ray Tomkins
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas
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