Study on technical solutions for shore power supply of motor yacht

The report presents an analysis of modern technical solutions for shore power supply of a specific class of passenger ships - luxury yachts for charter trips. The design data of a motor yacht in its different operating modes are considered, as well as the energy mix related to the fuel consumption at shore supply of the yacht during its stay at the port. The use of modern technical systems for shore supply includes the application of specific frequency converters, through which compatibility between the different voltage standards and the frequency for different shore power supply systems is realized. The costs of onshore power, compared to those of marine fuel, can be calculated from the current prices of onshore electricity and the energy produced from its own generators. The analysis of the basic design data of the motor yacht and the assessment of the energy costs on board, fuel economy and emission reductions will provide a clear answer to the advantages of the power supply from the shore of the vessel.

Assessment of energy efficiency of a motor yacht depending on routes and sailing area

The report presents an analysis of luxury charter yachts which are a specific class of vessels that, in order to meet the schedules and increased requirements of the owners regarding the luxury of the services offered, have relatively high energy consumption for their gross tonnage, compared to other passenger ships. The study focuses on the analysis of energy efficiency of luxury yachts by calculating the energy efficiency index (EEDI). This involves comparing different parameters that affect the value of the EEDI and can lead to energy savings. The report presents theoretical and experimental studies of the energy costs of a 70-meter luxury yacht for charter trips. With the use of the design data of the ship’s electrical equipment at different operating modes, at different routes, under different conditions, dependences for analysis of the optimal modes of movement are obtained, which leads to the realization of maximum savings of electricity and primary energy.

High temperature fuel cells to reduce CO2 emission in the maritime sector

Recently the interest in the sustainability of the maritime sector has increased exponentially. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) set as objective the reduction of CO2 emissions by 2030 by a margin of 40% compared to 2008. Recent studies showed that, according to the ships and the emission mitigation method applied, only 15–25% of CO2 reduction is de facto needed. Fuel cells represent an answer to meet this regulation. We propose two different solutions: (i) produce with SOFCs instead of engines the minimum power necessary to cut 20% of the emissions, or (ii) reduce the engine power of about 10% balancing the power requirement using MCFCs with CO2 capture. Using Aspen Plus each solution was investigated. The analysis contemplated LNG steam reforming to produce the H2 necessary for cell operation and the separation and liquefaction of CO2. Two case studies were considered comparing existing passenger ships with engines working on HFO and on LNG respectively. Although both solutions showed potential for the reduction of CO2 emissions respecting the IMO regulations, the SOFC solution requires a major change in the design of the ship, while MCFCs are proposed as an urgent solution allowing ship retrofitting without demanding update.

Sustainable Ship Management Post COVID-19 with In-Ship Positioning Services

COVID-19 is spreading out in the world now. Passenger ships such as cruise ships are very critical in this situation. Boats’ hazardous areas need to be identified in advance and managed carefully to prevent the virus. Therefore, this paper proposes for the first time that three technologies are required to support the sustainable management of ships in the post-COVID-19 era. They are ship indoor positioning, close contact identification, and risk area calculation. Ship environment-aware indoor positioning algorithms are proposed for the first time for the moving ship environment, followed by a clustering algorithm for close contact identification. Then, the risk area is calculated using the convex hull algorithm. Finally, a sustainable management approach for ships post COVID-19 is proposed.

PASSENGER RESPONSE TIME DATA- SETS FOR LARGE PASSENGER FERRIES AND CRUISE SHIPS DERIVED FROM SEA TRIALS

The paper consists of 27 figures; numerous equations and 12 notes/ references, many of which are written by the authors of this paper. Whilst this may indicate a lack of “reading around the subject” it also indicates the unique nature of the topic and that little exists at present in the public domain about this topic. Indeed the authors and the research group they represent are the main contributors to the IMOs discussions and circulars on this subject. Given that background the paper is very detailed and consists of comparisons between the evacuation times of 3 passenger ships, 2 being Ro-Pax vessels and 1 a cruise liner. On board evacuation time statistics have been gathered from significant populations enabling the authors to draw significant conclusions relating to evacuation times in the presented scenarios. The paper is therefore a useful addition to the debates on this subject which is of major relevance to the understanding of evacuation times in passenger vessels. Data and research in this area is difficult to obtain thus the authors should be congratulated for their work.

VIABILITY OF USING ENGINE ROOM SIMULATORS FOR EVALUATION MACHINERY PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT ONBOARD SHIPS

The maritime institutions aim at contributing to reducing the adverse effects arising from the ships, machinery operation through the possibilities exit in the engine room simulators. The current paper explains the importance of engine room simulators in maritime education in general and focuses on their use in the field of evaluation and management of machinery within the engine room space. As a case study, an electric powered passenger ship and an oil tanker ship are investigated regarding applying ship energy management onboard. This investigation could be achieved using the possibilities available in TRANSIS ERS 5000. With reference to passenger ships, the results show the possibility of saving energy with a reduction of CO, SOx, CO2 and C emissions by about 7.97, 10.54, 12.36, and 20.11%, respectively. However, regarding tanker ships, the results reveal that a reduction of speed by 10% will achieve fuel saving by about 25%.

SOLAS 2009 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS: IMPLEMENTATION

January 2009 saw the introduction of substantial changes to SOLAS, commonly referred to as SOLAS 2009. Not only have significant parts of Chapter II-1 completely changed, but so have the methodologies for assessing survivability of certain ship types. This paper provides an overview of some of the main topics and how Lloyd’s Register is adapting to provide necessary industry solutions and support, immediately and into the future. It provides an insight into the probabilistic requirements, our approval processes, developments and our participation in defining industry standards. It is evident in this paper that the discussions predominantly revolve around passenger ships. This is due to their complexity and the conflict between the new regulations for survivability assessment moving from a restrained deterministic requirement to a risk-based probabilistic solution. It also highlights real issues over the difficulties of implementing this methodology. This conflict in overall design is less pronounced for dry cargo ships, which did not have to comply with a general damage stability standard until 1992 when the probabilistic concept was introduced for dry cargo ships only. Under SOLAS 2009, a modified requirement has been implemented. However, the fundamental issues remain the same.

THE POTENTIAL OF METHANOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE MARINE FUEL FOR INDONESIAN DOMESTIC SHIPPING

This analysis aims to provide insight and to explore the future usage of methanol as an alternative marine fuel for domestic ships in Indonesia. An overview of potential application, analysis of resources availability, and stakeholder readiness on the topic are provided; related challenges are also identified and further examined. The potential performance of methanol as a fuel is discussed and evaluated via two different perspectives (the ship-owner perspective and the government one) through case studies of two passenger ships owned by the shipping company Pelayaran Indonesia (PELNI): MV. Labobar and MV. Gunung Dempo. As ship-owners tend to look very closely at the economic aspects, a feasibility study is performed by developing a combinatorial scenario approach based on the combination of economic measures of merit (NPV and payback period) along with a technical scenario (main-pilot fuel set-up); the variables included in the calculation are: ship age, ship productivity, and macro-economy conditions. Regarding the government perspective, the main issues are environmental protection and policy compliance. These issues are evaluated by examining six emission types (NOx, SOx, CO2, CH4, N2O, and PM). Additionally, since there is a trade-off situation in government subsidies between the government and ship-owner interests, an optimisation and sensitivity analysis is performed by utilizing a combinatorial scenario model to determine optimum methanol price and external variables influencing the decision to support further use of methanol in the Indonesian market. An important finding was that Indonesia has certain advantages/drives to introduce methanol as a marine fuel. However, methanol competitiveness is mainly dependent on ship productivity and the price difference between methanol and marine diesel oil (MDO). Additionally, policy analysis (through an optimisation approach) could be one of the government options in order to determine the optimum condition in establishing methanol as a marine fuel. Finally, short, medium, and long term recommendations are also provided as the basis for future consideration.

AN OVERVIEW: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING QUALITY OF SHIPS EXHAUST GASES

In spite of the fact that most of different transport means have achieved a significant reduction of their emissions quantity during the last few years; maritime field still suffers from the steady increase in the quantity of exhaust gases emitted from ships. As a result, the International Maritime Organization was prompted to issue a set of regulations for facing the seriousness of those emissions. The present paper handles the different methods which can be used to reduce the environmental damage caused by ship emissions. Through the study of the advantages and disadvantages of ships, emission reduction strategies; use of natural gas, selective catalytic reduction and sea water scrubbing systems have appeared as the best ways that can be utilized to reduce the environmental harms caused by ship emissions. Applicability of these methods aboard ships could vary from ship to another. Two high-speed passenger ships of different age were studied to evaluate the importance of applying these strategies. The results showed the possibility to attain valuable emission reduction percentage by using of selective catalytic reduction and sea water scrubbing systems, but they will be of high initial cost and will increase operating cost of both ships. On the other hand using of LNG as alternative fuel will be more convenient from the point of view of environment and economic issues for the newer existing ship.